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Psych 1A > Wk7 > Flashcards

Wk7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Habituation

A

Occurs when stimulus is repeated and the response weakens.

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2
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

What originally causes the response. Involuntarily elicits a response.

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3
Q

Unconditioned response

A

What is the original response. Innate or unlearned response, usually a reflex.

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4
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

What is now causing the response (the NS will become the CS)

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5
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Starts as the NS and is then paired with the UCS in experiments

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6
Q

Conditioned response

A

What is the learned response, typically same as UCS.

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7
Q

Phobia

A

excessive and irrational fear of something

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8
Q

Reinforcement

A

Pairing of the 2 stimuli (CS and UCS)

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9
Q

Acquisition

A

Initial stage of learning

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10
Q

Extinction

A

Procedure produces a reduction and eventual disappearance of CR. Involves repeatedly presenting CS without UCS.

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11
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance of extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to CS.

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12
Q

Generalisation

A

After classical conditioning with CS similar stimuli will elicit CR even if never paired.

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13
Q

Discrimination

A

Opposite of generalisation.

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14
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlovian. UCS, UCR, CS,CR,NS. Reflex behaviours

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15
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

Study of interactions between psychological processes and nervous and immune systems.

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16
Q

Associative learning

A

Classical and operant conditioning is a behaviourist perspective

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17
Q

Laws of association

A

Conditions under which one thought becomes associated with another

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18
Q

Laws of contiguity

A

2 events will be connected in the mind if they are experienced close together in time

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19
Q

Law of similarity

A

Objects that resemble each other are likely to become associated.

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20
Q

Galvanic skin response

A

Electric measure of amount of sweat on skin associated with arousal or anxiety

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21
Q

Interstimulus interval

A

Time between presentation of CS and the UCS

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22
Q

Blocking

A

Failure of stimulus to elicit a CR when combined with another stimulus that already elicits that response

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23
Q

Latent inhibition

A

Initial exposure to neutral stimulus without UCS slows the process of later learning the CS-UCS association and developing a CR

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24
Q

Prepared learning

A

Biologically wired readiness to learn some associations more eaily than others

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25
Q

Prepared learning

A

Biologically wired readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.

26
Q

Law of prediction

A

CS-UCS association will form to the extent that the presence of CS predicts the appearance of the UCS

27
Q

Paradoxical conditioning

A

CR is opposite of UCR - body’s attempt to conteract the effects of a stimulus that’s about to occur.

28
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

B.F Skinner - learning to operate on the environment to produce a consequence. Mouse with lever. Non-reflex behaviours

29
Q

Reinforcement

A

Increase behaviour

30
Q

Punishment

A

Decrease behaviour

31
Q

Positive

A

Something has been added

32
Q

Negative

A

Something has been taken away

33
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike - Animals tendency to reproduce a behaviour depends on the behaviours effect on the environment and the consequences of that.

34
Q

Operants

A

Behaviours spontaneously produced rather than elicited by the environment

35
Q

Escape learning

A

Behaviour is reinforced by elimination of aversive state of affairs that already exists

36
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Occurs as organism learns to prevent unexpected adverse events from happening.

37
Q

Continuous reinforcement schedule

A

Consequence is the same each time

38
Q

Intermittent schedules of reinforcement

A

Action sometimes leads to reinforcement

39
Q

Response contingency

A

Connection exists between behaviour and consequence

40
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Stimulus signals presence of particular contingencies of reinforcement

41
Q

Shaping

A

Used by animal trainers to produce novel behaviours by reinforcing closer and closer approximations to desired response.

42
Q

Successive approximations

A

Process of rewarding behaviours that move subject closer to desired behaviour.

43
Q

Reward

A

Reinforcer

44
Q

Ratio

A

Behaviour completed to get reward

45
Q

Interval

A

Time completed to get reward

46
Q

Fixed

A

Specific/definitive

47
Q

Variable

A

Undetermined/varying

48
Q

Biofeedback

A

Psychologists feed back info about biological processes, allow person to gain operant control over autonomic responses, heart rate etc.

49
Q

Chaining

A

Involves putting together sequence of existing responses in novel order

50
Q

Cognitive social theory

A

Incorporates concepts of conditioning but adds 2 new factors - a focus on cognition and social learning

51
Q

Cognitive maps

A

Mental representations or images

52
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that has occurred but not currently manifested in behaviour.

53
Q

Insight

A

Sudden understanding of relation between problem and solution

54
Q

Expectancies

A

Expectations about consequences of behaviour are what render behaviour more or less likely to occur

55
Q

Generalised expectancies

A

expectancies that influence a broad spectrum of behaviour

56
Q

Locus of control of reinforcement

A

Generalised expectancies people hold about whether or not their own behaviour can bring about the outcomes they seek

57
Q

Internal locus of control

A

Belief that they are masters of their own fate

58
Q

External locus of control

A

Belief that lives are determined by forces outside of themselves

59
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Consists of expectancies that one cannot escape aversive events and motivation and learning deficits that results from this belief.

60
Q

Explanatory style

A

The way people make sense of bad events.

61
Q

4 components of successful modelling

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Motor reproduction
  4. Motivation

Psych 1A (9 decks)

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