Wk6 Pre-recorded

Question 1

What different parts do emotions consist of?

Answer 1

Neural responses, physiological responses, desires to act

Question 2

What methods are used to identify children’s emotional expressions?

Answer 2

Observations, creation of coding schemes

Question 3

What behaviour do you code to identify emotions?

Answer 3

Facial cues such as eye gaze, mouth movements

Question 4

What is a problem when identifying what emotions children are experiencing?

Answer 4

Ambiguous. It is hard to tell what negative emotion a child is experiencing. Different cries may be due to the head position of the child.

The same child in the same situation might express different emotions.

Babies might show mixed emotions rather than differentiated emotions.

Question 5

What coding scheme is used for infants emotions and what does it do?

Answer 5

AFFEX - looks at the link between particular facial expression and facial muscle movements (eyes, lips etc.)

Question 6

What is a limitation of AFFEX?

Answer 6

Takes hours to identify the facial muscles that are being moved. Very complex.

Question 7

What 4 emotions do adults talk about babies having?

Answer 7

Happiness, sadness, fear, anger

Question 8

Explain the stages of smiling

Answer 8

1-4 weeks = smiling is physiological

4-8 weeks = babies smile in response to a stimulus

3-4 months = babies smile at familiar people

1 year + = infants express happiness to more objects and events

Question 9

What are social smiles?

Answer 9

Smiles directed at people (e.g., smiles between the baby and caregiver)

Question 10

Why are social smiles important?

Answer 10

The child can connect with people. Social smiles can promote a bond between the baby and caregiver.

Question 11

When do babies develop fear?

Answer 11

First signs of fear appear around 6-7 months. This is the same stage that babies smiles at familiar people and start being wary of unfamiliar people.

Question 12

What do we know about infants and emergence of anger?

Answer 12

Infants tend to express anger and sadness at the same time to indicate distress but they cannot distinguish between the 2 emotions

Question 13

What age do infants express anger?

Answer 13

At 12 months children clearly express anger
18-24 months toddlers express more anger
3-6 years toddlers express less anger

Question 14

Why do children experience less anger later on?

Answer 14

They can express themselves using language instead. They can distinguish between intentional and non-intentional acts.

Question 15

Do children show more sadness when older or younger?

Answer 15

When older - when they are separated from caregivers and nobody pays attention to them

Question 16

When do more complex emotions appear (guilt, shame, jealousy)?

Answer 16

After 2 years, as the child develops a sense of self and how people react to the self.

Question 17

What age does separation anxiety appear?

Answer 17

8 months

Question 18

What is separation anxiety?

Answer 18

Distress when primary caregiver is separated from them

Question 19

What has research found about signs of depression in children?

Answer 19

Signs can be seen from as young as age 3. Children may have problems eating, sleeping. Arrival of someone new can cause extreme reactions. People may withdraw/isolate.

Question 20

What does emotional competence involve?

Answer 20

Emotional regulation
Emotional expression
Emotional understanding

Question 21

What is emotional expression?

Answer 21

The ability to make others understand how you are feeling.

Question 22

What 3 things do children need to do in order to understand emotion?

Answer 22

Identify the emotion, understand the causes and dynamics of the emotion, understand real vs false emotions

Question 23

By what age can babies identify happiness, surprise, and anger?

Answer 23

3 months

Question 24

By what age can children identify fear, sadness, and interest?

Answer 24

7 months

Question 25

What do children use as references in ambiguous situations?

Answer 25

Parent’s facial expressions

Question 26

What is social referencing?

Answer 26

The use of parent’s facial expressions to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous situations

Question 27

When is social referencing evident by?

Answer 27

12 months

Question 28

What experiments provide evidence for social referencing?

Answer 28

Still face experiments - people identify mum’s change in expression and try to solve the problem

Visual cliff experiments - baby will cross to mum if the mum is smiling but not if she is pulling a fearful face

Question 29

What has research found out about toy preference and emotions?

Answer 29

12-14 month olds did not distinguish between emotional tones of toys

16-18 month olds preferred toys associated with surprise and happy faces

Question 30

When can children label emotions?

Answer 30

At 2 years they can label happiness.

At 3 years they can label a narrow range of emotions displayed in pictures (such as fear, sadness, anger)

Question 31

When can children label emotions?

Answer 31

Pre-school children can label surprise and disgust

Question 32

Why is it important to discriminate, identify, and label emotions?

Answer 32

Helps children to respond appropriately to their own and others emotions. Children are more socially skilled and have lower behavioural problems if they can identify and label emotions.

Question 33

Can the environment one is raised in affect their development of emotions?

Answer 33

Yes. If they are raised in a violent environment they are more aware of anger.

Question 34

What methods are used to study children’s understanding of causes and emotions?

Answer 34

Short story - children are asked questions about how a character feels

Children are asked to talk about everyday emotions and explain them

Question 35

By what age can children understand emotions that certain situations will involve?

Answer 35

At 3 or 4 years children can identify situations that make people happy/sad.

At 7 years children can identify situations likely to elicit self-conscious emotions such as pride and shame.

Question 36

Are stages of understanding emotional situations consistent across cultures?

Answer 36

Yes, across Western cultures and other cultures.

Question 37

Can children understand how memories or cues can trigger past events?

Answer 37

Yes. This helps children explain theirs and others emotional reactions.

Question 38

How can understanding the cause and dynamics of emotion help children understand emotion?

Answer 38

Children become more aware of emotions and understand that they can fade overtime.

Children realise that people can have mixed feelings about things.

Question 39

By what age do children realise that emotions people express may not reflect their true feelings?

Answer 39

Age 3

Question 40

By what age to false emotions improve?

Answer 40

Age 5

Question 41

What are display rules?

Answer 41

A social group’s informal norms about how/when one should show emotions and when emotions should be suppressed.

Question 42

What do autistic children struggle with?

Answer 42

Understanding other people’s emotions and recognising emotions

Question 43

What 3 aspects of emotion are important for social navigation?

Answer 43

Emotional understanding
Emotional expression
Emotional regulation