wk2 Flashcards
what is discrete data
where no continuum exists, data can only take certain units. (5,3,4)
What is continuous data
different scales of measurement, can take any value. (63.30,3.35,10.15)
What is nominal data
categories/names. not numerical not a scale.
what is ordinal data
Phone data which has a relative order. (agree- disagree etc.)
continuous levels of data
interval or ratio
What is interval data
equal intervals on the scale represent equal differences in the property being measured. e.g. total accuracy scores, scale scores
What is ratio data
similar to interval data but the ratios of values along the scale should be meaningful. the scale must have a meaningful zero point. e.g. time.
Examples of psychological constructs
Intelligence /love/ trust/ anxiety/ superstition/ attitudes/ self-esteem/ satisfaction
What is construct validity
how well the selected measures map onto the hypothetical construct
What is a quasi experimental design
Is an experiment where The variables are naturally occurring and not manipulated
what is the criteria for establishing causation between a and B variables
covariance/ temporal precedence/ internal validity
What is covariance
results show that a changes b
what is temporal precedence
The studies method insures that a comes first in time, before B
What is internal validity
The study’s method ensures that there are no plausible alternative explanations for the change in B. a is the only thing that changed
What are extraneous variables
anything that varies within your study not under interest or control
what is confound variables
When extraneous variables become a big problem
What is a between subjects design
when people are allocated to different conditions
Within subjects design
Where all participants to all conditions of the IV
The type 2 error
manipulation does have an affect but the effect is not detected
(due to a lack of statistical power or natural variation Between samples)
Type 1 error
when we believe manipulation was successful one in fact it wasn’t (false positive)
Experimental hypothesis
The claim you testing translate the problem into expected outcomes
One-tailed hypothesis
Directional prediction. State the direction the experiment will go in
Two-tailed hypothesis
nondirectional prediction.
does not state the direction that the study will go in
Null hypothesis
usually the opposite of the alternative hypothesis states that an affect is absent.
provides a baseline against which to evaluate our alternative hypothesis.
“there will be no difference”
what are psychological ethics
moral principles that govern psychological activity and applying them to research.
