WK15 | COVID-19 Flashcards
large, enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses
Coronaviridae
Four human CoVs cause ____ of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in adults.
10-30%
mild coronavirus that cause flu-like symptoms but highly transmissible
SARS-CoV-2
The virus replicates in the upper and lower respiratory tract and leads to upregulation of _________ as part of the host immune response.
pro-inflammatory cytokines
Animal reservoir of MERS-CoV
dromedaries
binding receptor of SARS-CoV-2
ACE2
Similar symptoms of SARS-COV-2 (along with MERS and SARS)
fever, cough, fatigue, difficulty in breathing.
MOT of SARS-CoV-2
droplets
contact with fomites
Virus can stay in an object for up to _____
3 days
This refers to transmission through people who are
infected and shedding virus, but have not and do not ever develop symptoms
Asymptomatic Transmission
Incubation period o SARS-CoV-2
5-6 days on average
1-14 days
Maximum isolation
14 days
Most common symptoms of COVID-19
Fever Cough Fatigue Anorexia Shortness of breath Myalgias
Less common symptoms
Sore throat Nasal congestion GI symptoms Headache Loss of taste or smell
________ should be considered when evaluating older people or immunosuppressed people.
Atypical symptoms
True or False:
Risk factors for death is more common in females
False (males)
elevated lactate dehydrogenase
biomarker of tissue damage
Inflammation biomarker
elevated c-reactive protein
interleukin-6
ferritin
elevated aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, SGPT
Liver or other organ damage
elevated cardiac troponin
Cardiac damage
lymphocytopenia, elevated procalcitonin
infection
Clotting disorders biomarker
thrombocytopenia; elevated D-dimer
No signs of pneumonia
Mild disease
Pneumonia which may or may not require hospitalization
Moderate disease
Severe disease
Severe pneumonia requiring oxygen support and hospitalization
Critical disease accounts for ___% of symptomatic cases
5%
Clinical signs of pneumonia
fever
cough
dyspnea
fast breathing
Patients (with suspected COVID-19) with pneumonia but SpO2 ____ of room air may be classified as having moderate disease.
≥ 90%
Moderate diseases progress to severe disease within _____ days
7
An adult/adolescent with severe pneumonia will also have one of the following:
respiratory rate > 30 breaths/min
severe respiratory distress
SpO2 < 90% on room air
A child with severe pneumonia will also have one of the following:
entral cyanosis or SpO2 < 90%
severe respiratory distress
Two measures can be used to assess proportion of infected individuals with fatal outcomes:
Infection fatality ratio
Case Fatality Ratio
proportion of deaths among all infected
individuals
Infection fatality ratio
proportion of deaths among identified confirmed cases
Case fatality ratio
Case-fatality ratio and infection fatality ratio vary globally and are based on:
Demographics
Health care access
Methodology used to make calculation
True or False:
Highest confirmed cases are males aged 35-40 y/o
False (30-34)
Grainy imaging findings
ground-glass opacities
Severe pulmonary histopathologic changes
Diffuse alveolar damage
Pulmonary microthrombi
A person may access the health system at a variety of entry points
Screen for Covid-19
process in which an
individual is evaluated to see if s/he
meets a standardized case definition
Screening
process of sorting patients into categories based on the need for time- sensitive treatment.
Acuity-based triage
evaluation of a patient for severity of disease.
Clinical Assessment
Release from pathway of symptomatic patients
10 days after symptom onset,
plus at least 3 additional days without symptoms
