WK15+16 Foot Flashcards
What are some unique features for each of the tarsal bones ?
Talus: gripped by two malleoli, receives weight from tibia which is then transferred through calcaneus and navicular bones; no tendon or muscle attachments
Calcaneus: largest and strongest bone in foot, transmits weight into ground; articulates with talus and cuboid; sustentaculum tali
Navicular: has navicular tuberosity which is an important attch., forms longitudinal arch
Cuboid: most lateral bone in tarsal group, has attch. for fibularis longus
Cuneiforms: 3 bones: medial, intermediate, and lateral; articulation point for navicular and the appropriate metatarsal.
Which bones make up the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot ?
Hindfoot: Calcaneus and Talus
Midfoot: cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms (3)
Forefoot: metatarsals and phalanges
Which muscles perform the following actions: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion
dorsiflexion: muscles of anterior compartment ( EDL, EHL, TA )
plantarflexion: posterior superficial compartment ( gastroc, plantaris, soleus )
Inversion: muscles of deep posterior compartment; tibialis posterior (FDL, FHL )
Eversion: muscles of lateral leg compartment; fibularis longus and brevis
Describe the longitudinal arch of the foot and which bones form it.
medial: calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms and 3 metatarsals
lateral: calcaneus, cuboid, lateral 2 metatarsals
TA and TP support medial longitudinal arch
Describe the transverse arch of the foot and which bones form it.
cuboid, cuneiforms, bases of metatarsals ( FL and TP maintain curvature )
List the passive and dynamic supports for the arches of the foot.
passive: shape of the bones, plantar aponeurosis, plantar ligaments
dynamic: intrinsic foot muscles, long tendons of extrinsic muscles; FHL, TP, etc.
What happens to the tibiofiibular syndesmosis during ankle dorsiflexion, why does it occur and what ligaments restrain this movement ?
-opens to accommodate the wider head of the talus bone between the malleoli
- happens because talus is wider anteriorly
- interosseous tibiofibular ligament with help from anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
Which bones are involved in the following joints : talocrural, subtalar, transverse tarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, distal interphalangeal
talocrural: talus and malleoli of tibia and fibula
subtalar: talus and calcaneus
transverse tarsal: talonvaciular; talus and navicular
calcaneocuboid; calcaneus and cuboid
Tarsometatarsal: cuneiforms, cuboid, metatarsals
MTP: metatarsals and phalanges
PIP: proximal and middle phalanges
DIP: middle and distal phalanges
Which bones are connected by the following ligaments and which motions are restrained: anterior tibiofibular
tibia and fibula, mortoise splaying during dorsiflexion
Which bones are connected by the following ligaments and which motions are restrained: Interosseous Tibiofibular
tibia and fibula, mortoise splaying during dorsiflexion
Which bones are connected by the following ligaments and which motions are restrained: Posterior tibiofibular
tibia and fibula, mortoise splaying during dorsiflexion
Which bones are connected by the following ligaments and which motions are restrained: Anterior Talofibular
fibula and talus, plantar flexion and inversion
Which bones are connected by the following ligaments and which motions are restrained: Calcaneofibular
calcaneus and fibula, inversion of talocrural joint
Which bones are connected by the following ligaments and which motions are restrained: Posterior talofibular
talus and fibula
Which bones are connected by the following ligaments and which motions are restrained: Deltoid
tibio-navicular, tibiocalcaneal, tibiotalar
Which bones are connected by the following ligaments and which motions are restrained: Calcaneonavicular ( Spring )
calcaneus and navicular, arch of the foot
Which bones are connected by the following ligaments and which motions are restrained: long plantar
calcaneus to cuboid and metatarsals, arch of the foot
Which bones are connected by the following ligaments and which motions are restrained: Short plantar
plantar calcaneocuboid ligament, arch of the foot
Explain the function of the extensor expansion of the toes.
causes MTP flexion but PIP and DIP extension when lumbricals and interossei are involved
Describe the fascial compartments in the sole of the foot
there is a plantar fascia which centrally named the plantar aponeurosis
5 Compartments; medial, central, lateral, interosseus, dorsal
Describe the arterial blood flow through the foot.
anterior tibial recurrent gives rise to dorsalis pedis and arcuate arteries
post tibial becomes medial and lateral plantar arteries
List the eight periods of the gait cycle in sequential order:
stance phase: intial contact, loading response, midstance, terminal stance, pre-swing
swing phase: intial swing, midswing, terminal swing
see Table 7.2
What is an os trigonum ?
- Failure of ossification at the talus and calcaneus resulting in an accessory bone that can cause pain or discomfort
- 14-25% of adults
- common in dancers and soccer players
Describe the following foot deformities: Hallux Valgus, Hammer Toe, Claw Toes, Pes Planus
Hallux Valgus: hallux tilts towards the 2nd toe, causing bunion
Hammer Toe: MTP hyperext, PIP flex, DIP hyperext
Claw Toe: MTP hyperext, PIP flexion, DIP flexion; weak lumbricals/ interosseus muscles
Pes Planus: flat feet, of longitudinal arch; loose or degenerated ligaments, bone deformities, fallen arches
What is the mechanism for the following types of ankle sprains: ATFL
anterior talofibular ligament
stepping when forcible inverted foot
What is the mechanism for the following types of ankle sprains: Deltoid ligament
rarely injured, forcibly everted foot
What is the mechanism for the following types of ankle sprains: trimalleolar fracture
talus breaks, lat. malleolus or fibula also breaks, tibia moves shearing off its post distal end on talus
What is tarsal tunnel syndrome, causes, and symptoms.
Cause: compression of tibial nerve by edema or tight synovial sheaths in flexor retinaculum
Symptom: heel pain, plantar foot paresthesias, motor loss in plantar foot muscles
Describe the pathology of an achilles tendon rupture
- poor conditioning with history of calcaneal tendinitis
- happens w forceful push off; audible snap
- palpable gap at attachment
- requires surgery
Describe the pathology of plantar fasciitis
inflammation of pantar fascia; caused by biomechanial errors, overuse, improper footwear; pain from rest to walking, calcaneal spur can occur
