Wk1 MTM Anatomy

Question 1

What is histology?

Answer 1

• The study of tissues and their structures
• The study of the form of structures seen under the microscope
• Also called microscopic anatomy

Question 2

What are the functions of key organelles within a cell?

Answer 2

• Nucleus: controls and regulates the activities of the cell, whilst storing genetic material and synthesising enzymes
• Ribosomes: synthesising proteins
• Mitochondria: releases ATP + side of aerobic respiration
• Cytoplasm: holds organelles in the cell allowing for chemical reactions to take place
• Cell membrane: protective outer cover that allows for certain substances in and out of the cell
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: lipid production
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum: protein production
• Golgi apparatus: protein modification and export

Question 3

What are the different types of microscopes used to study tissues?

Answer 3

• Light microscope: used to study living cells when a beam of light is passed through them
• Scanning electron microscope: provides detailed images of the surfaces of cells and whole organisms and particle counting and size determination.
• Transmission electron microscope: microscopes that use a particle beam of electrons to visualise specimens and produce a highly magnified image
• Laser scanning confocal microscope: uses the principle of fluoresce excitation to investigate the structural properties of cells and the location of particular structures or protein population within those cells in fixed tissue and structural properties of cells.

Question 4

What type of tissue is bone?

Answer 4

• Contains compact tissue (hard, outer layer) and cancellous tissue (mesh like structure formed in layers that is spongey, inner layer that contains red marrow)
• Maintained by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts and cells that break down called osteoclasts

Question 5

How can we classify bones?

Answer 5

• Long: cylinder shape: leverage: femur
• Short: cube-like shape: provide stability, support, while allowing for some motion: carpals
• Flat: thin & curved: points of attachment for muscles/protectors of internal organs: sternum, ribs
• Irregular: complex shape: protect internal organs: vertebrae, facial bones
• Sesamoid: small&round, embedded in tendons: protect tendons from comprehensive forces: patellae

Question 6

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 6

• Works as a support structure for your body
• Gives body shape
• Allows movement
• Makes blood cells (bone marrow)
• Provides protection for organs
• Stores minerals (endocrine e.g. calcium)

Question 7

What is muscle tissue and its function?

Answer 7

Composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of body parts

Question 8

What are major types of muscles?

Answer 8

Skeletal - long fibres capable of contraction (voluntary muscle)
Smooth - involuntary - arteries, bowels, trachea etc.
Cardiac - heart muscle - lens powerful - contraction to prevent fatigue

Question 9

What is plain film radiography?

Answer 9

• Noninvasive medical test that helps clinicians diagnose and treat medical conditions
• X-ray: different tissues in body absorb different amount of x-rays e.g. bones appear white

Question 10

Advantages of plain film radiography?

Answer 10

• Low radiation dose
• Inexpensive
• Readily available
• Quick
• No preparation necessary
• Little to no health effects recorded
• Portable

Question 11

Disadvantages of plain film radiography?

Answer 11

• Provides basic anatomic information for only a few tissue densities
• 2D

Question 12

Name other imaging modalities

Answer 12

• Fluroscopy
• Sonography
• Computed tomography (CT)
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Nuclear medicine
• PET scan
• Ultrasound