Wk 9 & 10 Perception Flashcards
1
Q
What is taste also called?
A
gustatory
2
Q
What is are 3 additional senses to the 5 major senses?
A
-balance
-proprioception
-thermoception
3
Q
what is balance also known as?
A
equilibrioception
4
Q
Where does equilibrioception happen?
A
vestibular system
5
Q
Where is the vestibular system?
A
inner ear
6
Q
What is proprioception?
A
our awareness of our body position
7
Q
what is thermoception?
A
sense of how hot or cold we are
8
Q
What category are gustation and olfaction under?
A
chemical senses
9
Q
What category are touch, proprioception, and equilibrioception under?
A
body senses
10
Q
what does the term “transduction” primarily refer to?
A
The process of converting sensory stimuli into neural impulses.
11
Q
What is vection?
A
sensation of movement felt in the body but only stimulated by vision
12
Q
What is another reason to study perception?
A
different cultures put emphasis on different senses
13
Q
What is the dominant sense in western culture?
A
vision
14
Q
What is the dominant sense in First Nations culture?
A
listening
15
Q
What is Dadirri?
A
inner, deep listening and quiet, still awareness
16
Q
What are some areas of Psychology where a person’s perceptions can impact their health and well-being?
A
-neuropsychology
-clinical psychology
17
Q
What is Apperceptive agnosia?
A
inability to recognise objects
18
Q
What is associative agnosia?
A
has intact perception but cannot recognise objects
19
Q
What does umami translate to?
A
savoury
20
Q
What are our 5 basic tastes?
A
-sweet
-sour
-salty
-bitter
-umami
21
Q
where do we find taste-receptor cells?
A
taste buds located on small projections on the tongue called papillae and in the soft palate
22
Q
In taste perception explain the saliva and taste bud interaction
A
Saliva mixes with food, and taste receptor cells in taste buds detect chemicals
23
Q
Specificity of Taste Receptor Cells?
A
Taste buds have receptors that respond to particular chemicals
24
Q
Explain importance of Chewing and Taste Perception
A
Chewing helps mix food with saliva, enhancing taste perception.
25
Explain the Transmission of Taste Information
Sensory neurons send taste information from taste buds to the brain
26
What is the Role of the Insular Cortex?
The insular cortex is the primary gustatory cortex in the brain
27
What is the role of the insular cortex?
the primary gustatory cortex in the brain
28
In Taste Cell Renewal, how often is the Constant Replacement of Taste Cells
continuously replaced every 1-2 months.
29
Receptors for each type of taste are located in different parts of the tongue?
false
30
Where and What are our Olfactory Receptors?
in the olfactory epithelium trigger our sense of smell.
31
In olfaction, how are chemicals dissolved?
mucus in the nose
32
What do dissolved chemicals activate?
smell receptors
33
Explain the Olfactory Signal Pathway
Signals from olfactory receptors go directly to the olfactory bulb in the brain
34
unlike other senses,
The olfactory system connects directly to the...
-cerebral cortex
-limbic system
-hypothalamus
35
What does the olfactory system bypass?
the thalamus
36
What is the psychological significance of the fact that the olfactory system connects directly to the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus?
contributes to emotional and memory-evoked responses triggered by certain smells
37
What is Anosmia?
Partial or total loss of the sense of smell
38
What is hyposmia?
Reduced ability to smell and detect odours
39
What is Parosmia?
Inability of the brain to correctly identify certain smells
40
What is Cacosmia?
Type of parosmia where smells get distorted to be perceived as intensely foul odours
41
What is phantosmia?
Smelling an odour that is not there
42
What is somatosensation?
various sensory experiences related to the body and its interactions with the environment
43
What does somatosensation include?
-touch
-proprioception
-pain
-thermoreception
44
What 5 receptors play a role in somatosensation?
-skin
-joints
-muscles
-tendons
-ligaments
45
What is the difference between pain and nociception?
-Nociceptors: sense potential harm or damage, including heat, cold, pressure, chemicals, and tissue injury.
-Pain: conscious process that involves psychological and emotional factors in its interpretation
46
Where is the somatosensory cortex located?
on the top of the brain next to the motor cortex
47
What body parts have larger sections of the somatosensory cortex dedicated to them?
more touch sensitivity
48
What two parts is the vestibular system made up of?
1. semicircular canals
2. utricle and saccule
49
What do the semicircular canals do?
provide information about angular (rotational) accelerations of our head in all three dimensions
50
What are the degrees of freedom?
linear motion around the:
-x axis
-y axis
-z axis
51
What is the utricle and saccule?
otolith organs in the vestibular system
52
What is the rotational degrees of freedom?
-roll
-pitch
-yaw
53
What are Otoliths?
calcium-carbonate crystals over sensory areas
54
What do the utricle and saccule do?
Provide information on linear accelerations, including gravity
55
Muscles and joints contain...
receptors that are essential for executing smooth and coordinated movements
56
What do muscle and joint receptors do?
provide vital information about the angles and tensions in our limb
57
What is the information about the angles and tensions in our limb integrated with?
vestibular data for smooth movements
58
What is sound?
a form of energy that travels through the air as pressure waves
59
What do the changes in amplitude and frequency determine?
sound intensity and pitch
60
what do sound properties include?
pitch and amplitude
61
What is pitch determined by?
frequency
62
what is amplitude?
loudness
63
What is frequency measured in?
Hertz (Hz)
64
What does amplitude refer to?
waves maximum displacement
65
What is the part of the ear that you can see?
pinna
66
where are the vital hearing structures?
inside the head
67
What are the vital hearing structures?
-eardrum
-ossicles
-cochlea
68
what is the ossicles?
three small bones in the middle ear:
-malleus
-incus
-stapes
69
What runs parallel to the cochlear?
vestibular nerves
70
where do the cochlear and vestibular nerves enter the brain?
through the internal acoustic meatus
71
what is the tympanic membrane also called?
eardrum
72
where is the basilar membrane?
inside the cochlear
73
how do we hear?
>sound waves into ear canal
>tympanic membrane vibrates
>ossicles vibrates and move to basilar membrane up and down
>hair cells fire nerve impulses along auditory nerve
74
what 2 things do sound processing result from?
-mechanical properties of the basilar membrane
-hair cell activation
75
What does sound processing do?
enables us to distinguish sounds from various sources
76
what are the 2 ends of the cochlear?
-basal end
-apical end
77
where do sound waves travel from and to in the cochlear?
from: basal end
to: apical end
78
difference between basal end and apical end in the cochlear
basal end is stiffer and narrower than the apical end
79
what sounds induce maximal vibration in the basal end of the cochlear?
high frequency
80
what sounds induce maximal vibration in the apical end of the cochlear?
low frequency
81
What do bending of hair cells in the cochlear do?
>release of neurotransmitters
>generates nerve impulses in the sensory neurons
>nerve impulses travel along the axons of the neurons
>form the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve
82
What is sound localisation?
figuring out where sounds are coming from
83
how do we localise sound?
-interaural time differences (ITDs)
-interaural intensity differences (IIDs)
-alterations to sound waves caused by the shape of our external ears, (pinnae)
84
what type of localisation do ITDs and IIDs provide?
relative distance info (cannot pinpoint sounds directly in front, behind, or above)
85
what is the cone of confusion?
various locations could produce the same intensity/time difference
86
what helps resolve ambiguity and determine the specific location on the cone of confusion
pinnaes influence on sound wave
87
What percentage of the brain’s cortex is involved in visual processing?
50%
88
what is spatial resolution?
smallest distance that two objects can be separated and still be distinguished from one another.
89
what is Temporal resolution?
ability of our visual system to resolve rapid changes in light intensity over time or resolve fast-moving objects
90
what is the best understood system in the brain?
visual
91
how does the eye act like a camera?
processes light to create images
92
what are the 7 important parts of the eye?
-cornea
-iris
-lens
-retina
-photoreceptors
-optic nerve
-vitreous humour
93
what happens when light enters the eye?
>it passes through the cornea and lens
>focus it onto the retina
>Photoreceptors convert the light into electrical signals
> electrical signals travel along the optic nerve to the brain
>processed into visual images
94
What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?
-rods
-cones
95
how many cones and rods does the retina have?
-6 million cones
-120 million rods
96
what do rods do?
allow us to see in low light
97
what do cones do?
when exposed to bright light they produce colour vision
98
what are the 3 types of cones
-blue
-green
-red
99
what cone receptor is sensitive to short wavelengths?
blue
100
what cone receptor is sensitive to medium wavelengths?
green
101
what cone receptor is sensitive to long wavelengths?
red
102
why does colour blindness typically occur?
genetic mutations that affect the functioning of one or more types of cone cells
103
what is Stereopsis?
perception of depth produced by the reception in the brain of visual stimuli from both eyes in combination and it helps us overcome the disadvantage of the blind spot
104
why also do rods have high sensitivity to light?
multiple rods converging onto ganglion cells (low resolution)
105
why also do cones have low sensitivity to light?
one or two cones connect to several ganglion cells (high resolution)
106
What are visual receptive fields?
Specific regions in the visual field triggering neuron activation
107
what are the two main types of receptive fields
-on-centre
-off-centre
