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Intro to Psych 1102 > Wk 9 & 10 Perception > Flashcards

Wk 9 & 10 Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is taste also called?

A

gustatory

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2
Q

What is are 3 additional senses to the 5 major senses?

A

-balance
-proprioception
-thermoception

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3
Q

what is balance also known as?

A

equilibrioception

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4
Q

Where does equilibrioception happen?

A

vestibular system

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5
Q

Where is the vestibular system?

A

inner ear

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6
Q

What is proprioception?

A

our awareness of our body position

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7
Q

what is thermoception?

A

sense of how hot or cold we are

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8
Q

What category are gustation and olfaction under?

A

chemical senses

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9
Q

What category are touch, proprioception, and equilibrioception under?

A

body senses

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10
Q

what does the term “transduction” primarily refer to?

A

The process of converting sensory stimuli into neural impulses.

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11
Q

What is vection?

A

sensation of movement felt in the body but only stimulated by vision

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12
Q

What is another reason to study perception?

A

different cultures put emphasis on different senses

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13
Q

What is the dominant sense in western culture?

A

vision

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14
Q

What is the dominant sense in First Nations culture?

A

listening

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15
Q

What is Dadirri?

A

inner, deep listening and quiet, still awareness

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16
Q

What are some areas of Psychology where a person’s perceptions can impact their health and well-being?

A

-neuropsychology
-clinical psychology

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17
Q

What is Apperceptive agnosia?

A

inability to recognise objects

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18
Q

What is associative agnosia?

A

has intact perception but cannot recognise objects

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19
Q

What does umami translate to?

A

savoury

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20
Q

What are our 5 basic tastes?

A

-sweet
-sour
-salty
-bitter
-umami

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21
Q

where do we find taste-receptor cells?

A

taste buds located on small projections on the tongue called papillae and in the soft palate

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22
Q

In taste perception explain the saliva and taste bud interaction

A

Saliva mixes with food, and taste receptor cells in taste buds detect chemicals

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23
Q

Specificity of Taste Receptor Cells?

A

Taste buds have receptors that respond to particular chemicals

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24
Q

Explain importance of Chewing and Taste Perception

A

Chewing helps mix food with saliva, enhancing taste perception.

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25
Q

Explain the Transmission of Taste Information

A

Sensory neurons send taste information from taste buds to the brain

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26
Q

What is the Role of the Insular Cortex?

A

The insular cortex is the primary gustatory cortex in the brain

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27
Q

What is the role of the insular cortex?

A

the primary gustatory cortex in the brain

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28
Q

In Taste Cell Renewal, how often is the Constant Replacement of Taste Cells

A

continuously replaced every 1-2 months.

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29
Q

Receptors for each type of taste are located in different parts of the tongue?

A

false

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30
Q

Where and What are our Olfactory Receptors?

A

in the olfactory epithelium trigger our sense of smell.

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31
Q

In olfaction, how are chemicals dissolved?

A

mucus in the nose

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32
Q

What do dissolved chemicals activate?

A

smell receptors

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33
Q

Explain the Olfactory Signal Pathway

A

Signals from olfactory receptors go directly to the olfactory bulb in the brain

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34
Q

unlike other senses,
The olfactory system connects directly to the…

A

-cerebral cortex
-limbic system
-hypothalamus

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35
Q

What does the olfactory system bypass?

A

the thalamus

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36
Q

What is the psychological significance of the fact that the olfactory system connects directly to the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus?

A

contributes to emotional and memory-evoked responses triggered by certain smells

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37
Q

What is Anosmia?

A

Partial or total loss of the sense of smell

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38
Q

What is hyposmia?

A

Reduced ability to smell and detect odours

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39
Q

What is Parosmia?

A

Inability of the brain to correctly identify certain smells

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40
Q

What is Cacosmia?

A

Type of parosmia where smells get distorted to be perceived as intensely foul odours

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41
Q

What is phantosmia?

A

Smelling an odour that is not there

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42
Q

What is somatosensation?

A

various sensory experiences related to the body and its interactions with the environment

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43
Q

What does somatosensation include?

A

-touch
-proprioception
-pain
-thermoreception

44
Q

What 5 receptors play a role in somatosensation?

A

-skin
-joints
-muscles
-tendons
-ligaments

45
Q

What is the difference between pain and nociception?

A

-Nociceptors: sense potential harm or damage, including heat, cold, pressure, chemicals, and tissue injury.
-Pain: conscious process that involves psychological and emotional factors in its interpretation

46
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

on the top of the brain next to the motor cortex

47
Q

What body parts have larger sections of the somatosensory cortex dedicated to them?

A

more touch sensitivity

48
Q

What two parts is the vestibular system made up of?

A
  1. semicircular canals
  2. utricle and saccule
49
Q

What do the semicircular canals do?

A

provide information about angular (rotational) accelerations of our head in all three dimensions

50
Q

What are the degrees of freedom?

A

linear motion around the:
-x axis
-y axis
-z axis

51
Q

What is the utricle and saccule?

A

otolith organs in the vestibular system

52
Q

What is the rotational degrees of freedom?

A

-roll
-pitch
-yaw

53
Q

What are Otoliths?

A

calcium-carbonate crystals over sensory areas

54
Q

What do the utricle and saccule do?

A

Provide information on linear accelerations, including gravity

55
Q

Muscles and joints contain…

A

receptors that are essential for executing smooth and coordinated movements

56
Q

What do muscle and joint receptors do?

A

provide vital information about the angles and tensions in our limb

57
Q

What is the information about the angles and tensions in our limb integrated with?

A

vestibular data for smooth movements

58
Q

What is sound?

A

a form of energy that travels through the air as pressure waves

59
Q

What do the changes in amplitude and frequency determine?

A

sound intensity and pitch

60
Q

what do sound properties include?

A

pitch and amplitude

61
Q

What is pitch determined by?

A

frequency

62
Q

what is amplitude?

A

loudness

63
Q

What is frequency measured in?

A

Hertz (Hz)

64
Q

What does amplitude refer to?

A

waves maximum displacement

65
Q

What is the part of the ear that you can see?

A

pinna

66
Q

where are the vital hearing structures?

A

inside the head

67
Q

What are the vital hearing structures?

A

-eardrum
-ossicles
-cochlea

68
Q

what is the ossicles?

A

three small bones in the middle ear:
-malleus
-incus
-stapes

69
Q

What runs parallel to the cochlear?

A

vestibular nerves

70
Q

where do the cochlear and vestibular nerves enter the brain?

A

through the internal acoustic meatus

71
Q

what is the tympanic membrane also called?

A

eardrum

72
Q

where is the basilar membrane?

A

inside the cochlear

73
Q

how do we hear?

A

> sound waves into ear canal
tympanic membrane vibrates
ossicles vibrates and move to basilar membrane up and down
hair cells fire nerve impulses along auditory nerve

74
Q

what 2 things do sound processing result from?

A

-mechanical properties of the basilar membrane
-hair cell activation

75
Q

What does sound processing do?

A

enables us to distinguish sounds from various sources

76
Q

what are the 2 ends of the cochlear?

A

-basal end
-apical end

77
Q

where do sound waves travel from and to in the cochlear?

A

from: basal end
to: apical end

78
Q

difference between basal end and apical end in the cochlear

A

basal end is stiffer and narrower than the apical end

79
Q

what sounds induce maximal vibration in the basal end of the cochlear?

A

high frequency

80
Q

what sounds induce maximal vibration in the apical end of the cochlear?

A

low frequency

81
Q

What do bending of hair cells in the cochlear do?

A

> release of neurotransmitters
generates nerve impulses in the sensory neurons
nerve impulses travel along the axons of the neurons
form the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve

82
Q

What is sound localisation?

A

figuring out where sounds are coming from

83
Q

how do we localise sound?

A

-interaural time differences (ITDs)
-interaural intensity differences (IIDs)
-alterations to sound waves caused by the shape of our external ears, (pinnae)

84
Q

what type of localisation do ITDs and IIDs provide?

A

relative distance info (cannot pinpoint sounds directly in front, behind, or above)

85
Q

what is the cone of confusion?

A

various locations could produce the same intensity/time difference

86
Q

what helps resolve ambiguity and determine the specific location on the cone of confusion

A

pinnaes influence on sound wave

87
Q

What percentage of the brain’s cortex is involved in visual processing?

A

50%

88
Q

what is spatial resolution?

A

smallest distance that two objects can be separated and still be distinguished from one another.

89
Q

what is Temporal resolution?

A

ability of our visual system to resolve rapid changes in light intensity over time or resolve fast-moving objects

90
Q

what is the best understood system in the brain?

A

visual

91
Q

how does the eye act like a camera?

A

processes light to create images

92
Q

what are the 7 important parts of the eye?

A

-cornea
-iris
-lens
-retina
-photoreceptors
-optic nerve
-vitreous humour

93
Q

what happens when light enters the eye?

A

> it passes through the cornea and lens
focus it onto the retina
Photoreceptors convert the light into electrical signals
electrical signals travel along the optic nerve to the brain
processed into visual images

94
Q

What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?

A

-rods
-cones

95
Q

how many cones and rods does the retina have?

A

-6 million cones
-120 million rods

96
Q

what do rods do?

A

allow us to see in low light

97
Q

what do cones do?

A

when exposed to bright light they produce colour vision

98
Q

what are the 3 types of cones

A

-blue
-green
-red

99
Q

what cone receptor is sensitive to short wavelengths?

A

blue

100
Q

what cone receptor is sensitive to medium wavelengths?

A

green

101
Q

what cone receptor is sensitive to long wavelengths?

A

red

102
Q

why does colour blindness typically occur?

A

genetic mutations that affect the functioning of one or more types of cone cells

103
Q

what is Stereopsis?

A

perception of depth produced by the reception in the brain of visual stimuli from both eyes in combination and it helps us overcome the disadvantage of the blind spot

104
Q

why also do rods have high sensitivity to light?

A

multiple rods converging onto ganglion cells (low resolution)

105
Q

why also do cones have low sensitivity to light?

A

one or two cones connect to several ganglion cells (high resolution)

106
Q

What are visual receptive fields?

A

Specific regions in the visual field triggering neuron activation

107
Q

what are the two main types of receptive fields

A

-on-centre
-off-centre

Intro to Psych 1102 (7 decks)

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