wk 12-14 quiz

Question 1

List good client communication skills and strategies

Answer 1

clear and concise, respectful, talk slowly, discuss important info without animal, go over entire prescription and demonstrate if necessary

Question 2

pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

physiological movement of drugs within
the body and includes the mechanisms of drugs moving into, throughout, and out of the body

Question 3

List the 4 steps of pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

• Absorption
• Distribution
• Metabolism/ Biotransformation
• Excretion

Question 4

List 4 different mechanisms of drug transport across cell membranes

Answer 4

• Passive diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Active transport
• Pinocytosis/Phagocytosis

Question 5

passive diffusion

Answer 5

Movement of drug molecules from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 6

facilitated diffusion

Answer 6

Uses carrier molecules within the cell membrane to passively carry drug molecules

Question 7

active transport

Answer 7

Movement of drug molecules with a carrier molecule that pumps the molecule across a concentration gradient

Question 8

pinocytosis/phagocytosis

Answer 8

Cell drinking/cell eating

Question 9

List and briefly describe drug characteristics that affect absorption

Answer 9

 Solubility
 pH
 Molecule size
 Route of administration

Question 10

List and briefly describe animal characteristics that affect absorption

Answer 10

 Age, Sex, Species
 Health status
 Metabolism and Genetics

Question 11

bioavailability

Answer 11

The amount of given drug that is absorbed and reaches circulation

Question 12

Describe the factors that affect bioavailability

Answer 12

 Route of administration
 Blood supply to the area the drug was given
 Surface area available for absorption
 Mechanism of drug absorption

Question 13

Compare and contrast onset of action, duration of effect, and volumes given for each drug route of administration and how that can affect bioavailability

Answer 13

quicker onset = shorter duration of effect

Question 14

distribution

Answer 14

Movement of drugs from the bloodstream to the target tissue or site of action

Question 15

Describe how tissue perfusion affects drug distribution

Answer 15

 Amount of blood flow to an area
 Higher perfusion = quicker distribution
 Lower perfusion = slower distribution

Question 16

Describe how membrane permeability affects drug distribution

Answer 16

Some larger molecules cannot easily pass through smaller vessels

Question 17

Describe how protein binding affects drug distribution

Answer 17

If a drug binds to a larger protein in the blood, it may get stuck in the bloodstream and not able to leave the capillaries to be distributed

Question 18

Define volume of distribution and list factors that can affect this

Answer 18

How well a drug is distributed; Concentration and volume of drug given can affect this; Can be affected by diseases with increased body fluid concentrations (ascites, edema, etc.) May need more drug

Question 19

List the primary site of Biotransformation and the name of the main enzyme association with this

Answer 19

liver; Cytochrome P450

Question 20

List the 4 main pathways of biotransformation

Answer 20

 Oxidation reactions
 Reduction reactions
 Hydrolysis
 Conjugation

Question 21

List the ways that drug interactions can occur during biotransformation

Answer 21

 Synergistically: Drugs given together will produce a greater individual response than if given separate
 Antagonistically: Drugs given together will produce a lessened individual response
 Altered absorption
 Competition for binding sites
 Altered excretion
 Altered metabolism

Question 22

Describe the main factors that affect biotransformation

Answer 22

• plasma protein binding
• storage in tissues and and fat depots
• liver disease
• age of patient
• nutritional status of patient
• species and individual variation
• body temp
• route of administration

Question 23

List the primary and secondary methods of drug elimination

Answer 23

kidney is primary; liver secondary

Question 24

List the lesser methods of drug elimination

Answer 24

Milk, saliva, lungs, sweat

Question 25

Define how drug elimination is related to drug withdrawal times in food animals

Answer 25

Muscle, liver, kidney, milk, egg, etc. samples are taken and analyzed for drug residues when establishing withdrawal times depending on the use of the animal

Question 26

List the 4 main factors affecting drug elimination

Answer 26

 Hydration status  Age  Health  Blood pressure

Question 27

MEC

Answer 27

minimum effective concentration; minimum plasma drug level needed for the drug to work

Question 28

MTC

Answer 28

minimum toxic concentration; plasma drug level where we first see toxic effects

Question 29

Peak plasma levels

Answer 29

highest concentration of drug in the plasma after it is given

Question 30

therapeutic range

Answer 30

drug concentration in the animal that produces the desired effect without toxicity

Question 31

Loading dose

Answer 31

higher initial drug dose given to get the drug concentration up to the therapeutic range in a quicker amount of time

Question 32

Maintenance dose

Answer 32

dose of drug that maintains the drug in the therapeutic range

Question 33

Steady State

Answer 33

constant level of drug concentration in the plasma

Question 34

Half- life

Answer 34

time required for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half its original level

Question 35

ED50

Answer 35

effective dose 50; dose of a drug that causes the defined effect in 50% of animals that take it

Question 36

LD50

Answer 36

lethal dose 50; dose of a drug that will kill 50% of animals that take it

Question 37

Margin of safety

Answer 37

the difference between a drugs ed50 and ld50

Question 38

Affinity

Answer 38

strength of binding between a drug and it’s receptor

Question 39

Agonist

Answer 39

drug that binds to its receptor and causes an effect

Question 40

Antagonist

Answer 40

drug that inhibits or blocks the response of a cell when the drug is bound to the receptor

Question 41

Explain what a peak plasma level is and how the drugs plasma concentration affects this

Answer 41

when drug elimination rate equals absorption rate; increases with extent of absorption

Question 42

Contrast peak plasma levels in drugs given via different routes of administration

Answer 42

intravenous reaches peak plasma levels fastest

Question 43

Explain the difference between high and low affinity

Answer 43

A drug with a higher affinity for a receptor can compete with or displace another drug that binds the same receptor but has a lower affinity