Wings

Question 1

Cross wing area

Answer 1

Area of whole wingspan from tip to tip. Also taking into account the bit of the area in the middle between the two wings

Question 2

Taper ratio is?

The formula?

Answer 2

Ratio of wingtip chord to root chord.

TR=Tip chord
—————
Root chord

Question 3

Average chord

& formula for wing area

Answer 3

The mean geometric chord length of the wing, at midpoint of wing, from leading edge to trailing edge.

Wing area= wingspan x average (mean) chord.

Question 4

Aspect ratio

Answer 4

Ratio of wing span to the average chord.

Question 5

Aspect ratio for rectangular wing =

Answer 5

SPAN / CHORD

Question 6

Aspect ratio for tapered or swept wing =

Answer 6

Span^2
————
Area

Question 7

Low aspect ratio will mean

Answer 7

A low CL, but higher AOA

Opposite for high aspect ratio

Question 8

Sweep angle

Answer 8

Angle between wing and the straight latitudinal line going over aircraft at the root of the wing.

Question 9

Disadvantages of a swept angle wing

Answer 9

Not all airflow meeting wing at 90⚫️ = less lift

Can lead to shockwaves on wingtips

Stall at wingtips

Question 10

Advantages of a sweep wing angle

Answer 10

Can deal with critical MAC very well (high speed stuff)

Question 11

Wind component

Answer 11

How much wind you’re able to use for lift

Question 12

Wind component ratio

Answer 12

speed X cos(windsweep angle)

^airflow speed in m/s

Question 13

Wind component

Answer 13

How much wind you’re able to use for lift

Question 14

Wind component =

Answer 14

Air flow speed (m/s) X cos(windsweep angle)

Question 15

Mac is

Answer 15

Percentage of a theoretical rectangular wing

Question 16

Rigging angle

Answer 16

Angle from wing root slant to the longitudinal axis of aircraft.
Normally slightly positive angle

Question 17

Angle of incidence

Answer 17

Angle between chord line of wing and a/c longitudinal axis. (Twists along the wing)

Question 18

Washout

Answer 18

The slight twist given to wings, which reduces the angle of incidence from root to tip.

Question 19

We have washout on aircraft to…

Answer 19

Promote stalling at root and not tips

Question 20

Dihedral wing design

What’s the angle?

Answer 20

Wings go up.

Angle between wing & line of latitude of aircraft

Question 21

Anhedral

It’s effect on an aircraft?

Answer 21

Wings point downwards from root.

Less stability, more controllability

Question 22

Spanwise flow / tip vortices

Answer 22

High static pressure below wing moves to the wing tip to try and get to the low static pressure on top. As it tries to get on top, it is already propelled backwards. Creating tip vortices.

Question 23

Port is

Answer 23

Left

Question 24

Starboard is

Answer 24

Right

Question 25

Looking from behind - an aircraft the spanwise flow port side goes Starboard goes

Answer 25

Clockwise | Anti clockwise

Question 26

Tip vortices does depend on

Answer 26

How long wing tip is. If longer = more air, higher strength. Higher speed, less time for vortex to form

Question 27

Low aspect ratio will mean for tip vortices

Answer 27

Stronger vortices

Question 28

If lift decreases, tip vortices,

Answer 28

Decrease

Question 29

Trailing edge vortices

Answer 29

Back of wing. Caused by air flow on underside & on top of wing influenced by spanwise flows either going to edge of wing or to root. As air on each side differ in direction, when they meet at the trailing edge they create a vortices.

Question 30

3D flow downwash is greater than 2D flow downwash because of

Answer 30

trailing edge vortices

Question 31

As downwash increased, like a flat plate being pushed down from one side, the EAF (effective Air Flow) rises up, this causes

Answer 31

The lift to shift upwards and slant to the right - of the original lift position.

Question 32

The angle between the EAF effective air flow, and the RAF relative air flow, is the

Answer 32

Induced AOA

Question 33

As EAF effective airflow, increases upwards, the Effective AOA

Answer 33

Decreases. This is important as, AOA generates lift. Although on the contrary, too much AOA (e.g16⚫️) could cause a stall.

Question 34

Faster you go, less induced drag as

Answer 34

Less downwash

Question 35

Elliptical wing distribution generally means

Answer 35

More lift at wing root | Less lift at wing tip

Question 36

A high aspect ratio means | Induced drag wise

Answer 36

Less induced drag

Question 37

Elliptical wing design But Negative consequence

Answer 37

Almost equal lift distribution from root to wing tip. | If you stall, stall happens all over wing

Question 38

Moderately tapered wing

Answer 38

Strong downwash at tip. Less at root.

Question 39

Shaking that occurs at stall, occurs from

Answer 39

Turbulent Airflow separating from wing first at wing root, then hitting the aircraft tail.

Question 40

Swept wing means

Answer 40

Will stall at the tip | increased lift at wing tip

Question 41

A camber change will result in

Answer 41

Smaller downwash, as less disturbance at the wing tip

Question 42

Frames of reference

Answer 42

Airflow to ac | Ac to airflow

Question 43

Wing loading formula

Answer 43

Weight of ac / Wing area

Question 44

2 main types of drag

Answer 44

Non-aerodynamic drag (PARASITE DRAG) & aerodynamic drag

Question 45

Aerodynamic drag consists of | And what is it?

Answer 45

Induced drag | The force on a force that’s resisting.

Question 46

Parasite drag consists of

Answer 46

Form drag - pressure gradient Skin friction drag - mechanical drag Interference drag - airflow hitting it self all over the ac surface

Question 47

Form drag + skin friction drag make up

Answer 47

Profile drag

Question 48

As speed increases, Parasite drag... Induced drag...

Answer 48

Increases | Decreases

Question 49

High aspect ratio means a larger or smaller area of wing tip?

Answer 49

Smaller.