Personalities & Attitudes Flashcards
When there’s a big gap between self concept and self ideal in a person. They tend to be:
Unfriendly / aggressive awkward
SRK model to explain a pilots actions
Skill based —handling
Rule based —applying sops + regulations
Knowledge based —acting based upon own knowledge
Complacency
-unjustified self confidence
Synergy is
A group performance
Cohesion is
Working together. A solid unit.
Groupthink can be dangerous because
Less blame on individual if a group.
More prone to risk taking.
Difference between conformity & obedience
Conformity is ‘just fitting in’.
Obedience is ‘doing what you’re told’.
Difference between status & role
Status is your social hierarchy position. Role is where the organisation expects you to be, i.e a captain = leader.
Risky shift ( a riskier course of action) likely when
Large group of people, and blame is taken away from individual.
Group norms:
Are unwritten rules
Press-on-it’s means
Keep on going. That Driving force
Extreme motivation. Extreme press on its. Can be dangerous bc
Trying to complete a task when it can result in failure.
Tenerife crash -> KLM captain
People at top / bottom of pyramid (Maslow) tend to be
TOP: Respectful. Clear moral outlook. Non conformist.
BOTTOM: lack self esteem. Overly keen to conform.
3 egos
P arental ego => act like parent =>patronising
A dult ego => BEST FOR PILOT. Good thinking.
C hild ego => childish behaviours
2 Leadership styles
(G) : TASK ORIENTATION Commitment to achieving a .G.oal, no personal obligation.
(P) : PERSON OBLIGATION
Defines level of personal obligation to achieving a goal.
BEST LEADERSHIP STYLE:
WORST LEADERSHIP STYLE:
P+G+ IDEAL PILOT
P-G- LAISSEZ FAIRE
Trans cockpit authority gradient;
Autocratic cockpit:
Laissez faire:
Synergistic cockpit: BEST
FO has huge gradient up to the captain.
Captain & FO are on equal basis. No gradient.
CPT slightly above FO but not too much.
Communication % wise is
55% body language
35% tone
80% of communication achieved by factors other than words. (It’s the way you say it)
In Communication there must be a
Transmitter & a responder
Implicit communication & explicit communication:
Implicit, the message is not clearly stated. Open to interpretation.
Explicit, message is clearly stated, no doubt about the meaning. Closed to interpretation
FEEDBACK In comma implies that
A message is measured and corrected against the original meaning
Two types of conflict
INTRAPERSONAL
INTERPERSONAL
Within yourself “should I do this or that”
Between people. E.g. CAPT to FO.
In general, conflicts tend to
ESCALATE
Advocacy means
Gaining support of others.
CAPTAIN should (with crew briefing)
Emphasise particular requirements in the field of the crew co-op & co-ordination.
Errors tend to be
Cumulative. One error leads to another. (The error chain)
Latent errors & active errors
Hidden. False sense of security for pilot.
Produced by the operator. Rapid / immediate and direct consequences.
Exceptional violations & routine violations
Abnormal acts, not too extreme, intended for good nature.
Violations that can save time , reduce workload, may result in good aircraft measures.
HUMAN RELIABILITY
Error rates
Mistakes normally expected 1 in 100 times.
Additional practice; error 1 in 1000 times
Good / bad human capabilities
Creative & innovative. Greater for qualitative decisions.
Not skilled in deciding best probabilities
The DECIDE model. Stands for …
DETECT ESTIMATE CHOOSE IDENTIFY DO EVALUATE
SHELL model developed to help organisations to improve their methods for dealing with human error.
IT STANDS FOR:
Software: electrics, procedures, info etc
Hardware: operating the AC, design of ac
Environment: conditions inside & outside cockpit
Liveware: oneself
Liveware: other people than yourself
EYE datum point
So pilot knows if they’re sat in right position.
Audio warning best for
Visual warnings best for
Attracting attention
Guiding pilot to cause of problem
Protected systems you get one error…
Vulnerable systems you get one error…
Ac still fine
Threat to flight safety
Action slip
Action, a motion, you select landing gear instead of flaps.
Environmental capture (HABITUATION) consciousndesciom
Skill frequently performed in same environment.
End up displaying that skill in that particular environment rather than from the result of a conscious decision.
A source of error can either be
Unintentional or intentional
Unintentional consists of
Slip lapses; good plan, poor execution
Mistakes; incorrect plan
Intentional source of error is a
Violation
Skill-based errors are
Routine errors. Occur during highly automated behaviours.
