Wildlife & Zoo Anesthesia

Question 1

Why are high potency opioids used?

Answer 1

not for analgesia, but for sedation to make animal fall

Question 2

Which high potency opioids are used?

Answer 2

Etorphine
Thiafentanil
Carfentanil

Question 3

What are the side effects of high potency opioids?

Answer 3

excitation
capture myopathy
regurg
resp depression
muscle rigidity
renarcotization

Question 4

What is renarcotization?

Answer 4

when half life of agonist drug is longer than antagonist drug, so animal will recover then become sedated again

Question 5

Which opioid antagonists are used?

Answer 5

Naltrexone
Naloxone
Diprenorphine

Question 6

Which dissociative anesthetics are used?

Answer 6

Ketamine

Tiletamine + zolazepam

Question 7

Which alpha 2 agonist used for sedation has the shortest duration of action?

Answer 7

Xylazine

Question 8

What are good sedation / tranquilization drugs?

Answer 8

alpha 2 agonists
benzodiazepines
ace
azaperone

Question 9

What are good long acting sedatives usually used for hoofstock?

Answer 9

Periphenazine

Zuclopenthixol

Question 10

Why should MNBs NOT be used alone?

Answer 10

provides paralysis w consciousness, which is inhumane

Question 11

What is the ideal drug protocol?

Answer 11

rapid onset
narcosis
high therapeutic index
reversible
small volume
analgesia if doing more intense procedure

Question 12

What kind of dart is most commonly used? (explosive discharge, compressed air, or spring-acivated)

Answer 12

compressed air

Question 13

Why would you use the lowest velocity possible for darting?

Answer 13

bc velocity has greatest effect on kinetic energy, so lower velocity means better reach & accuracy

Question 14

What do you have to aim the dart for?

Answer 14

large muscles of hindlimb

Question 15

What recumbency should elephants be in?

Answer 15

lateral bc do not breathe well in sternal

Question 16

What is the concern about hyperthermia & hypothermia?

Answer 16

Inability to regulate body temp under anesthesia, so capture needs to be planned based on weather, time of day, season, etc

Question 17

What are signs of hypoxemia?

Answer 17

tachycardia

tachypnea, increased effort

Question 18

What are the negative side effects of hypoxemia?

Answer 18

neurologic damage
muscle damage
death

Question 19

Capture myopathy is most common in which animals?

Answer 19

hoofstock

Question 20

What does capture myopathy cause?

Answer 20

hyperthermia
lactic & metabolic acidosis
myocyte death & rupture
myoglobinemia & myoglobinuria
acute renal failure
hyperkalemia
cardiac arrhythmias
death

Question 21

What are the 4 recognized syndromes of Capture Myopathy?

Answer 21

1. Acute death syndrome –> acidosis w/in 3-4 hours
2. Delayed peracute death syndrome –> death 1 day post capture
3. Ataxic-myoglobinuric syndrome –> acute renal failure & death w/in 4-5 days
4. Muscle rupture syndrome –> hyperflexion of hock 1-2 days post-capture

Question 22

How do you prevent capture myopathy?

Answer 22

limit chase to 2 mins
wait 1 day btwn failed attempts
limit stress after capture

Question 23

What drug should NOT be given to tigers?

Answer 23

telazol

Question 24

What drug combos should be used in rhinos?

Answer 24

butorphenol combos