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Psych 351D midterm 3 > Why Do we Sleep and Dream? > Flashcards

Why Do we Sleep and Dream? Flashcards

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1
Q

inherent timing mechanism that controls or initiates various biological processes

A

biorythym

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2
Q

biorhythms are linked to

A

cycle of days and seasons produced by earths rotation around the sun

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3
Q

humans largely evolved as ________ animals and our behaviour is dominated by _______ ______ of daylight activity and nocturnal sleep

A
  • equatorial

- circadian rhythm

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4
Q

do biorhythms regulate metabolic activity?

A

yes

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5
Q

rhythms are _____

A

endogenous (come from within)

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6
Q

neural systems that times behaviour

A

biological clock

ex birds migrate before it gets cold

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7
Q

biological clocks synchronize behaviour to the _____ _____ of a real day and makes ________ about tomorrow

A
  • temporal passage

- prediction (allows us to prepare physiologically and cognitively)

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8
Q

biological clock regulates: (4)

A

feeding time, sleeping time, metabolic activity, regulate gene expression

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9
Q

circadian =
circannual=
infradian =
ultraradian =

A

daily
yearly
less than a year
less than a day

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10
Q

rhythm of the body’s own devising in the absence of all external cues
ex?

A

free running rhythms

- biological clock in the absence of light

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11
Q

without input from external cues, our body has its own rhythm with a period of ___ to ___ hours

A

25 to 27 hours

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12
Q

animals expand and contract their sleep period as?

A

sleep related lighting period expands or contracts

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13
Q

hamsters are _____

  • in constant darkness, free running periods are _____ than 24 hours
  • constant light, they are _____ than 24 hours
A

nocturnal

  • shorter
  • longer
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14
Q

sparrows are _____

  • in constant darkness, free running periods are _____ than 24 hours
  • constant light, they are _____ than 24 hours
A

diurnal

  • longer
  • shorter
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15
Q

environmental event that entrains the biological rhythms; a time setter; the property that allows entrainments of a biological clock

A

zeitgebers

ex, light resets the biological clock

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16
Q

determines or modifies the period of a biorythm

A

entrainment

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17
Q

a ______ allows an animal to synchronize its daily activity across the seasonal clock

A

entrained biological clock

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18
Q

light pollution and jet lag are examples of?

A

zeitgebers

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19
Q

is harder to adjust when traveling eat - west or west to east

A

west to east

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20
Q

persistant asynchronous rhythms are associated with ? (5)

A
  • altered sleep
  • altered temp rhythm
  • fatigue
  • stress
  • reduced success by sport teams
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21
Q

main pacemaker of circadian rythms; located just above the optic chiasm
- the master clock

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

22
Q

the _____ and the ____ also display clocklike activity (brain regions)

A

intergeniculate leaflet and pineal gland

23
Q

nearly every cell int he body has its own ?

A

clock

24
Q

the SCN is close to what?

and the cells of the SCN are more active (increased metabolic and electrical activity) when?

A

light information in the brain

- in the light period

25
Q

if the SCN is damage what happens

A

daily activities occur haphazardly

26
Q

SCN neurons maintain rhythmic activity in the absence of

A

input and output

27
Q

what happens if the SCN neurons are isolated from one another ?

A

each remains rhythmic but he rythmicity of some cells is different than that of other cells (needs to be sunchronizied in relation to each other to respond to environmental cues)

28
Q

neural route from a subset of cone receptors in the retina to the SCN
- allows light to entrain rhythmic activity SCN

A

retinohypothalamic

29
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of the retinohypothalamic pathway

A
  1. begins with specialized retinal ganglion cells that contain photosensitive pigments melanopsin
  2. pRGCs axons bilaterally innervate SCN via retinohypothalamic tract
  3. the retinohypothalamic tract activates core cells
30
Q

_____ neurons are not rhythmic but that entrain ___ neurons which are rythmic

A

core, shell

31
Q

these ganglion can respond to blue wave lengths of light even without getting info from the cones and rods

A

pRGCs (cores and shells)

32
Q

how do ppl who are congenitally blind(problem with rods and cones) maintain biological rhythms

A

still getting entrainment from blue wave length cells (pRGC)

–> cores and shells

33
Q

pathway of retinohypothalamic tract

A
  1. photsensitive retinal ganglion cells respond to blue light
  2. retinohypothalamic tract carries info about light changes to core cells in SCN
  3. signal from SCN core neurons entrains shell neurons
  4. SCN drives slave oscillators and recieved signals from the other brain and body areas
34
Q

SCN’s circadian rhythm is usually entrained by?

A

morning light and evening light

35
Q

SCN can be disrupted or entrained by ? (4)

A
  1. sudden changes in light
  2. arousal
  3. moving
  4. feeding
36
Q

through which pathways do nonphotic events influence the SCN rhythm

A

intergeniculate leaflet and raphe nucleus

37
Q

what are the 2 groups of circadian neurons and what do they control

A
  1. M- cells: control mornign activity and need light for entrainments
  2. E- cells: control evening activity and need darkness for entrainment
38
Q

what may explain differences in morning people ad evening people

A

individual differences in genes and activity or circadian E or M cells (some ppl have more of one)
- chronotypes are due to differences in SCN shell nuerons

39
Q

explain the feedback loops of circadian rhythms

A

proteins are first made and then combine, called a dimer for two proteins, which inhibits the production of its component proteins
–> dimer then degrades and process starst again

40
Q

SCN pacemaker drives a number of ___________, each of which controls the rhythmic occurance of one behaviour (ex, body temp)

A
  • slave oscillators
41
Q

SCN may drive slave oscillators via ? (3)

A

hormones, proteins, NT

42
Q

the master oscillator is where?

A

SCN

43
Q

4 functions of SCN cells in pacemaking circadian rhthyms

A
  1. SCN neurons send axonal connections to nuclei close by in the hypothalamus and thalamus, which then pass on entraining signal
  2. SCN connects with pituitary endocrine neurons to control hormones release to entrain many body tissues
  3. SCN instructs autonomic neurons in the spinal cord to inhibit the pineal gland from producing melatonin
  4. SCN cells themselves release hormones
44
Q

the SCN control melatonin release from the pineal gland so that melatonin circulates when? and does what?

A
  • during the dark phase of the circadian cycle

- influences/ promotes rest and digest

45
Q

SCN control the release of ______ from the ________ so that they circulate during the light phase of the circadian cycle
- this does what?

A
  • glucocorticoids
  • adrenal gland
  • mobilizes glucose for cellular activity
46
Q

in rats, when melatonin is low in the lengthened spring time days, the gonads?

A

enlarge = more sex

47
Q

pacemaking produced by the SCN is a product of its ____ cells, which activate _____ _______ via both chemical and anatomical connections

A

shell cells,

slave oscillators

48
Q

when days are long, the SCN _____ melatonin secretion by the pineal gland, as days shorten, the melatonin _________ period _______ and the ________ period _______

A
  • inhibits
  • inhibition, shortens
  • release period, lengthens
49
Q

cognitive events necessitate changes in gene expression, turning genes on or off
–> as much as ___ % of the genome is under ________ _______ of the circadian rhythm

A
  • 10%

- epigenetic control

50
Q

what serves a s good index for the time and place at which things should happen

A

time of day

51
Q

cognitive activities occur without the ?

- this means is ti adaptive for cognitive activity to occur?

A

SCN

- at the right time and place

52
Q

time of day can also account for our _________ _______ to daily events independent of the actual event

A

emotional response

- scared of the dark

Psych 351D midterm 3 (5 decks)

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