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Psych 351D midterm 3 > What causes emotional and motivated behaviour > Flashcards

What causes emotional and motivated behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings

A

emotions

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2
Q

behaviour that seems purposeful and goal directed

A

motivation

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3
Q

emotions and motivated behaviours are both ___ and ____, with or without awareness, and include ________ and ________ behaviours

A

inferred, subjective

regulated, unregulated

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4
Q

what 3 structures are involved in motion and motivation

A

hypothalamus
limbic system
frontal lobes

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5
Q

what regulates behaviour

A

reward

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6
Q

humans have a very low tolerance for?

A

deprivation

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7
Q

what is one reason why we engage in behaviour

A

to stimulate the brain

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8
Q

circuits for reward can be modulated to _____ or _____ activity
- they are modulated by what?

A

increase, decrease

  • hormones
  • chemical senses
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9
Q

what play a central role in motivated and emotional behaviour

A

chemosignals (chemical signals)

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10
Q

give 4 examples of how chemosignals play a role in behaviour/emotion

A
  1. identify group members
  2. mark territories
  3. identify favorite and forbidden foods
  4. from associations among odors, tastes, and emotional events
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11
Q

what are 2 sense that play a fundemental role in emotional and motivated behaviour

A

odor and taste

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12
Q

why doesnt our olfactory system overlap with our language system very much?

A

we can detect thousands of odors but dont have many words to describe what we smell

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13
Q

what is the life span of an olfactory neuron

A

60 days

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14
Q

receptor surface for olfaction?

A

olfactory epithelium

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15
Q

each olfactory receptor cell sends a process ending in __ to ___ cilia in to a _____ layer, called?

A

10 -20, mucus, olfactory mucosa

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16
Q

how do chemicals dissolve in the mucosa to interact with the cilia?

A

metabotropic activation of a specific G protein leads to an opening of sodium channels and a change in membrane potential

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17
Q

any given odorant stimulates a unique ______ of _____

A

pattern, receptors

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18
Q

in olfactory epithelium, summed activity of pattern produces what?

A

our perception of a particular odor

19
Q

how many receptors does the olfactory system have?

A

400 kinds

20
Q

olfactory receptors cells project to what ?

A

the olfactory bulb on ventral surface of brain (clump of dendrites then receive info from olfactory bulb)

21
Q

in one olfactory pathway, olfactory targets (amygdala and pyriform cortex) have no connection through the ?

A

thalamus

22
Q

in the other thalamic pathway, it goes through the thalamus and then project to the ? which is involved in ?
– what part of the thalamus does it project to

A
  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • emotional, social, and eating behaviours
  • dorsomedial nucleus
23
Q

list the olfactory pathway starting from chemicals in the air

A

–> nasal cavity –> dissolve in olfactory mucosa and interacts with cilia —> signal olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium –> olfactory bulbs (synapse with mitral cells) –> mitral axons send a signal to the forebrain

24
Q

biochemicals released by one animal that act as chemosignals to affect the physiology or behavior of another animal

A

pheromes

25
Q

what are pheromes detected by?

what is this structure connect to?

A

a special olfactory receptor system known as the vomeronasal organ
- connected to the amygdala and hypothalamus

26
Q

name the pathway for detected pheromes

A

pheromes –> vomernasal organ –> acessory olfactoy bulb –> amygdala + hypothalamus (inform reproductive and social behaviour)

27
Q

body odor activates brain regions involved in ?

A

emotional processing

28
Q

a strangers odor activates what?

A

the amygdala and insular cortex

29
Q

processing body odors is mostly _____ and ______

A

unconscious and automatic

30
Q

what are the names of ppl who have very high taste thresholds vs very low taste thresholds

A
  • supertasters

- nontasters

31
Q

____ are much more responsive to taste than _____

A

children than adults

32
Q

by age 20, humans have lost what percent of taste receptors?

A

50%

33
Q

why are we sensitive to bitter flavours?

A

things might be toxic if bitter

34
Q

the # of tastes buds you have is partly ?

A

genetic

35
Q

each of the 5 taste receptors respond to ? (name all 5)

A

a different chemical component of food (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami)

36
Q

the umami receptor is especially sensitive to ?

A

glutamate

37
Q

taste receptors are grouped into ? each containing?

A
  • taste buds

- several receptor types

38
Q

gustatory stimuli interact with the receptor tips or microvili, causing?

A
  • ion channels open, leading to changes in membrane potential
39
Q

what cranial nerves form the main gustatory nerve?

A

7, 9, 10

40
Q

the main gustatory nerve, the solitary tract, enters the brain stem –> nucleus of the solitary tract. what are the 2 routes it takes?

A
  1. RED - posterior medulla to ventroposterior medial nucleus (thalamus)
  2. BLUE - hypothalamus + amygdala (feeding behaviour, including strength and pleastness of flavours?)
41
Q

what are the 2 subpaths of the RED gustatory route and what is thier function

A

A. primary somatosensory cortex (s1): localizes taste/texture on the tongue
B. primary gustatory cortex (insula, rostral to S2): taste –> oribital cortex mix olfactory and gustatoy input : flavour (R pleasant and L unpleasant)
** read test on this

42
Q

right oribital cortex detects what?

left detects what?

A
  • pleasant (right)

- unpleasant (left)

43
Q

what do we need to get flavour

A

smell and taste to integrate

Psych 351D midterm 3 (5 decks)

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