What causes emotional and motivated behaviour Flashcards
cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings
emotions
behaviour that seems purposeful and goal directed
motivation
emotions and motivated behaviours are both ___ and ____, with or without awareness, and include ________ and ________ behaviours
inferred, subjective
regulated, unregulated
what 3 structures are involved in motion and motivation
hypothalamus
limbic system
frontal lobes
what regulates behaviour
reward
humans have a very low tolerance for?
deprivation
what is one reason why we engage in behaviour
to stimulate the brain
circuits for reward can be modulated to _____ or _____ activity
- they are modulated by what?
increase, decrease
- hormones
- chemical senses
what play a central role in motivated and emotional behaviour
chemosignals (chemical signals)
give 4 examples of how chemosignals play a role in behaviour/emotion
- identify group members
- mark territories
- identify favorite and forbidden foods
- from associations among odors, tastes, and emotional events
what are 2 sense that play a fundemental role in emotional and motivated behaviour
odor and taste
why doesnt our olfactory system overlap with our language system very much?
we can detect thousands of odors but dont have many words to describe what we smell
what is the life span of an olfactory neuron
60 days
receptor surface for olfaction?
olfactory epithelium
each olfactory receptor cell sends a process ending in __ to ___ cilia in to a _____ layer, called?
10 -20, mucus, olfactory mucosa
how do chemicals dissolve in the mucosa to interact with the cilia?
metabotropic activation of a specific G protein leads to an opening of sodium channels and a change in membrane potential
any given odorant stimulates a unique ______ of _____
pattern, receptors
in olfactory epithelium, summed activity of pattern produces what?
our perception of a particular odor
how many receptors does the olfactory system have?
400 kinds
olfactory receptors cells project to what ?
the olfactory bulb on ventral surface of brain (clump of dendrites then receive info from olfactory bulb)
in one olfactory pathway, olfactory targets (amygdala and pyriform cortex) have no connection through the ?
thalamus
in the other thalamic pathway, it goes through the thalamus and then project to the ? which is involved in ?
– what part of the thalamus does it project to
- orbitofrontal cortex
- emotional, social, and eating behaviours
- dorsomedial nucleus
list the olfactory pathway starting from chemicals in the air
–> nasal cavity –> dissolve in olfactory mucosa and interacts with cilia —> signal olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium –> olfactory bulbs (synapse with mitral cells) –> mitral axons send a signal to the forebrain
biochemicals released by one animal that act as chemosignals to affect the physiology or behavior of another animal
pheromes
what are pheromes detected by?
what is this structure connect to?
a special olfactory receptor system known as the vomeronasal organ
- connected to the amygdala and hypothalamus
name the pathway for detected pheromes
pheromes –> vomernasal organ –> acessory olfactoy bulb –> amygdala + hypothalamus (inform reproductive and social behaviour)
body odor activates brain regions involved in ?
emotional processing
a strangers odor activates what?
the amygdala and insular cortex
processing body odors is mostly _____ and ______
unconscious and automatic
what are the names of ppl who have very high taste thresholds vs very low taste thresholds
- supertasters
- nontasters
____ are much more responsive to taste than _____
children than adults
by age 20, humans have lost what percent of taste receptors?
50%
why are we sensitive to bitter flavours?
things might be toxic if bitter
the # of tastes buds you have is partly ?
genetic
each of the 5 taste receptors respond to ? (name all 5)
a different chemical component of food (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami)
the umami receptor is especially sensitive to ?
glutamate
taste receptors are grouped into ? each containing?
- taste buds
- several receptor types
gustatory stimuli interact with the receptor tips or microvili, causing?
- ion channels open, leading to changes in membrane potential
what cranial nerves form the main gustatory nerve?
7, 9, 10
the main gustatory nerve, the solitary tract, enters the brain stem –> nucleus of the solitary tract. what are the 2 routes it takes?
- RED - posterior medulla to ventroposterior medial nucleus (thalamus)
- BLUE - hypothalamus + amygdala (feeding behaviour, including strength and pleastness of flavours?)
what are the 2 subpaths of the RED gustatory route and what is thier function
A. primary somatosensory cortex (s1): localizes taste/texture on the tongue
B. primary gustatory cortex (insula, rostral to S2): taste –> oribital cortex mix olfactory and gustatoy input : flavour (R pleasant and L unpleasant)
** read test on this
right oribital cortex detects what?
left detects what?
- pleasant (right)
- unpleasant (left)
what do we need to get flavour
smell and taste to integrate
