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Psych 351D midterm 3 > How do we hear speak and make music (ch 10) > Flashcards

How do we hear speak and make music (ch 10) Flashcards

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1
Q

representation of pitch

A

tonotopic representation

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2
Q

hair cells in the cochlea code frequency as a function of?

A

their location on the basilar membrane

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3
Q

hair cell cilia at the base of the cochlea are maximally displaced by ?

A

high frequency waves that we hear as high frequency sounds

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4
Q

hair cell cilia at the apex of basilar membrane are displaced by ?

A

low frequency and low pitched sounds

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5
Q

the sound waves amplitude must be greater (louder) for what?

A

frequencies to excite the receptors membrane potential

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6
Q

do hair cells respond to ___ of frequencies but only respond _____ to 1 frequency, which ____ the firing rate of multiple hair cells

A
  • lots, maximally, increases
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7
Q

where is the tonotopic representation of the basilar membrane reproduced?
and this representation is maintained throughout?

A

in the cochlear nucleus in the midbrain
- maintained throughout the auditory pathways and into the primary auditory cortex
(maintained at every synapse)

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8
Q

similar tonotopic maps can be constructed for each?

A

each level of the auditory system

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9
Q

the primary auditory cortex has areas for both incoming stimuli from?

A

the base of the cochlea and the apex of the cochlea

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10
Q

where is a cochlear implant inserted and what does it do?

A

implanted in the inner ear to transduce sound waves to neural activity and allows deaf people to hear
- it captures incoming sound waves via a microphone worn behind the ear

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11
Q

in an cochlear implant, what converts the frequenices to electrical current and stimulates the correct locations on the _____membrane, for a given frequency

A
  • audio processor

- basilar

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12
Q

what does the tonotopic theory not explain for?

this likely has to do with what?

A

how sounds below 200 hz are coded

- the physical limitation of the system

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13
Q

sounds below 200 hz stimulate all cells where?

and the rate of firing is proportional too?

A

at the very apex of the basilar membrane

- frequency

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14
Q

how do we detect loudness ?

A

the greater the amplitude of the incoming sound waves, the greater the firing of bipolar cells in the cochlea = more intense movements of the basilar membrane = more shearing of hair cells = more NT release onto bipolar cells

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15
Q

how do we detect sound location ? (base don timing)

A
  • by taking cues derived from one ear and by comparing cues received at both ears
  • each cochlear nerve synapses on both sides of the brain to locate sounds
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16
Q

neurons in the brain stem compute the difference in a sound waves arrival time at each ear
- this is called?

A

the interaural time difference (ITD)

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17
Q

what is the interaural intensity difference? (IID)

A

relative loudness on the left compared to the right

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18
Q

the head acts as an obstacle to _____ which do bend easily around it
–> this results in?

A

higher frequency sound waves

- result in higher frequency waves on one side of the head louder than the other

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19
Q

what anatomical structure detects interaural time difference ?

A

medial part of the superior olivary complex

cells form both hemispheres receive input from both ears

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20
Q

it is more difficult to detect sound differences when ?

A

when sound moves from one side the head toward the middle; the difference time is smaller

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21
Q

when we detect no difference in arrival times, we infer the sound is coming from?

A

behind us or in front

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22
Q

what anatomical structure detects interaural intensity difference?

A

lateral part of the superior olive and trapazoid body

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23
Q

high frequency sounds on one side of the head are ____ than on the other

A

louder

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24
Q

what are the 2 primary sound waves patterns that humans hear?

A

music and language

25
Q

music is process on what side of brain?

and language?

A
  • music= right

- langauge= left

26
Q

what does the ventral cortical pathway for audition do?

A
  • decodes spectrally complex sounds (auditory object recognition), including the meaning of speech sounds
27
Q

what does the dorsal corticol pathway for audition do?

A
  • integrates auditory and somatosensory info to control speech production (audition for action)
28
Q

tonotopic is ____ whereas tonographic is ____

A
  • auditory, visual
29
Q

musical ability is generally a ___ hemisphere specialization

A

right

30
Q

all languages have common structural characteristics stemming from a ?

A

genetically determined constraint

–> innate biological component to language development

31
Q

what are 3 elements of the uniformity or language structure

A
  1. language is universal in human populations
  2. humans learn language early in life and seemingly without effort
  3. languages have many structural element sin common (syntax, grammar, creolization)
32
Q

what is the sensitive period for language acquisition

A

1-6 years

33
Q

where is the brocas area and what does it do

A

anterior left hemisphere, functions with motor cortex to produce movements needed for speaking

34
Q

where is wernickes area and what does it do

A

posterior left temporal lobe, regulates language comprehension: also called the posterior speech zone

35
Q

what is wernickes model of speech recognition ?

A

stored sound images are matched to spoken words in the left posterior temporal cortex

36
Q

speech is produced through the _________ which connects wernickes areas to?

A
  • arcuate fasciculus

- brocas area

37
Q

inability to speak or comprehend language despite having normal comprehension or intact vocal mechanisms

A

aphasia

38
Q

inability to speak fluently despite normal comprehension

A

brocas aphasia

39
Q

inability to understand or produce meaningful language even though production of words intact

A

wernickes aphasia

40
Q

when a weak electrical current stimulated A1 what happened? and when it stimulated adjacent wernickes areas what happened?

A
  • A1 = produced simple tone (ringing)

- Wernickes = apt to cause some interpretation of sound (buzzing sound to a familiar source like a cricket)

41
Q

what area of the brain stopped ongoing speech completely (speech arrest), when stimulated

A

supplementary speech area on the dorsal surface of the frontal lobes

42
Q

stimulation of what areas caused speech produced (vocalization related to movements of the mouth and tongue)

A

stimulation of facial areas in the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex

43
Q

what does PET measure?

A

detects changes in blood flow by measuring changes in the uptake of compounds such as oxygen or glucose

44
Q

simple auditory stimulation, such as a burst of noise, is analyzed by ____ whereas more complex auditory stimuli such as speech syllables, are analyzed by____

A
  • area A1

- secondary auditory areas

45
Q

passively listening to a bust of noise will cause activity where?

A

primary auditory cortex (heschls gyrus)

46
Q

listening to words activates where?

A

posterior speech area including wernickes areas

47
Q

making a phonetic discrimination activates where? (discriminating speech sounds)

A

the frontal region including brocas area

48
Q

what aspects of music is the left hemisphere invloved in?

A

some of music processing such as those involved in making music ( reading and composing)

  • recognizing written music
  • playing instruments
  • composing
49
Q

melody triggers activation where?

A

right hemisphere of auditory cortex (A2) lying in front of A1

50
Q

making pitch judgements about 2 notes of each melody activates?

A

right frontal lobe (short term memory required)

51
Q

the capacity for music may be ?

A

innate

- infants show preference for musical scales versus random notes

52
Q

what may be a bias towards percieving regularity in rithyms

A

humans are very sensitive to musical errrors

53
Q

music is used as treatment for

A

mood disorders such as depression and motor disorders such as parkinsons

54
Q

parkinsons patients who listened to rhythm had activation where? causing what?

A
  • motor and premotor cortex and can improve gait and arm training after stroke
  • stepping to the beat of the music can also imporve gait
55
Q

explain musical memory

A

the younger you are the more music solidifies in your brain, a form of crystallizing knowledge and is very hard to disrupt with brain damage or aging

56
Q

a disorder of impaired musical processing, perception and recognition

A

amusia

57
Q

amusia can be ? or ?

A

congenital or acquired

58
Q

ppl with amusia are truly ?

A

tone deaf

Psych 351D midterm 3 (5 decks)

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