How do we hear speak and make music (ch 10)

Question 1

representation of pitch

Answer 1

tonotopic representation

Question 2

hair cells in the cochlea code frequency as a function of?

Answer 2

their location on the basilar membrane

Question 3

hair cell cilia at the base of the cochlea are maximally displaced by ?

Answer 3

high frequency waves that we hear as high frequency sounds

Question 4

hair cell cilia at the apex of basilar membrane are displaced by ?

Answer 4

low frequency and low pitched sounds

Question 5

the sound waves amplitude must be greater (louder) for what?

Answer 5

frequencies to excite the receptors membrane potential

Question 6

do hair cells respond to ___ of frequencies but only respond _____ to 1 frequency, which ____ the firing rate of multiple hair cells

Answer 6

• lots, maximally, increases

Question 7

where is the tonotopic representation of the basilar membrane reproduced?
and this representation is maintained throughout?

Answer 7

in the cochlear nucleus in the midbrain
- maintained throughout the auditory pathways and into the primary auditory cortex
(maintained at every synapse)

Question 8

similar tonotopic maps can be constructed for each?

Answer 8

each level of the auditory system

Question 9

the primary auditory cortex has areas for both incoming stimuli from?

Answer 9

the base of the cochlea and the apex of the cochlea

Question 10

where is a cochlear implant inserted and what does it do?

Answer 10

implanted in the inner ear to transduce sound waves to neural activity and allows deaf people to hear
- it captures incoming sound waves via a microphone worn behind the ear

Question 11

in an cochlear implant, what converts the frequenices to electrical current and stimulates the correct locations on the _____membrane, for a given frequency

Answer 11

• audio processor

- basilar

Question 12

what does the tonotopic theory not explain for?

this likely has to do with what?

Answer 12

how sounds below 200 hz are coded

- the physical limitation of the system

Question 13

sounds below 200 hz stimulate all cells where?

and the rate of firing is proportional too?

Answer 13

at the very apex of the basilar membrane

- frequency

Question 14

how do we detect loudness ?

Answer 14

the greater the amplitude of the incoming sound waves, the greater the firing of bipolar cells in the cochlea = more intense movements of the basilar membrane = more shearing of hair cells = more NT release onto bipolar cells

Question 15

how do we detect sound location ? (base don timing)

Answer 15

• by taking cues derived from one ear and by comparing cues received at both ears
• each cochlear nerve synapses on both sides of the brain to locate sounds

Question 16

neurons in the brain stem compute the difference in a sound waves arrival time at each ear
- this is called?

Answer 16

the interaural time difference (ITD)

Question 17

what is the interaural intensity difference? (IID)

Answer 17

relative loudness on the left compared to the right

Question 18

the head acts as an obstacle to _____ which do bend easily around it
–> this results in?

Answer 18

higher frequency sound waves

- result in higher frequency waves on one side of the head louder than the other

Question 19

what anatomical structure detects interaural time difference ?

Answer 19

medial part of the superior olivary complex

cells form both hemispheres receive input from both ears

Question 20

it is more difficult to detect sound differences when ?

Answer 20

when sound moves from one side the head toward the middle; the difference time is smaller

Question 21

when we detect no difference in arrival times, we infer the sound is coming from?

Answer 21

behind us or in front

Question 22

what anatomical structure detects interaural intensity difference?

Answer 22

lateral part of the superior olive and trapazoid body

Question 23

high frequency sounds on one side of the head are ____ than on the other

Answer 23

louder

Question 24

what are the 2 primary sound waves patterns that humans hear?

Answer 24

music and language

Question 25

music is process on what side of brain? and language?

Answer 25

- music= right | - langauge= left

Question 26

what does the ventral cortical pathway for audition do?

Answer 26

- decodes spectrally complex sounds (auditory object recognition), including the meaning of speech sounds

Question 27

what does the dorsal corticol pathway for audition do?

Answer 27

- integrates auditory and somatosensory info to control speech production (audition for action)

Question 28

tonotopic is ____ whereas tonographic is ____

Answer 28

- auditory, visual

Question 29

musical ability is generally a ___ hemisphere specialization

Answer 29

right

Question 30

all languages have common structural characteristics stemming from a ?

Answer 30

genetically determined constraint | --> innate biological component to language development

Question 31

what are 3 elements of the uniformity or language structure

Answer 31

1. language is universal in human populations 2. humans learn language early in life and seemingly without effort 3. languages have many structural element sin common (syntax, grammar, creolization)

Question 32

what is the sensitive period for language acquisition

Answer 32

1-6 years

Question 33

where is the brocas area and what does it do

Answer 33

anterior left hemisphere, functions with motor cortex to produce movements needed for speaking

Question 34

where is wernickes area and what does it do

Answer 34

posterior left temporal lobe, regulates language comprehension: also called the posterior speech zone

Question 35

what is wernickes model of speech recognition ?

Answer 35

stored sound images are matched to spoken words in the left posterior temporal cortex

Question 36

speech is produced through the _________ which connects wernickes areas to?

Answer 36

- arcuate fasciculus | - brocas area

Question 37

inability to speak or comprehend language despite having normal comprehension or intact vocal mechanisms

Answer 37

aphasia

Question 38

inability to speak fluently despite normal comprehension

Answer 38

brocas aphasia

Question 39

inability to understand or produce meaningful language even though production of words intact

Answer 39

wernickes aphasia

Question 40

when a weak electrical current stimulated A1 what happened? and when it stimulated adjacent wernickes areas what happened?

Answer 40

- A1 = produced simple tone (ringing) | - Wernickes = apt to cause some interpretation of sound (buzzing sound to a familiar source like a cricket)

Question 41

what area of the brain stopped ongoing speech completely (speech arrest), when stimulated

Answer 41

supplementary speech area on the dorsal surface of the frontal lobes

Question 42

stimulation of what areas caused speech produced (vocalization related to movements of the mouth and tongue)

Answer 42

stimulation of facial areas in the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex

Question 43

what does PET measure?

Answer 43

detects changes in blood flow by measuring changes in the uptake of compounds such as oxygen or glucose

Question 44

simple auditory stimulation, such as a burst of noise, is analyzed by ____ whereas more complex auditory stimuli such as speech syllables, are analyzed by____

Answer 44

- area A1 | - secondary auditory areas

Question 45

passively listening to a bust of noise will cause activity where?

Answer 45

primary auditory cortex (heschls gyrus)

Question 46

listening to words activates where?

Answer 46

posterior speech area including wernickes areas

Question 47

making a phonetic discrimination activates where? (discriminating speech sounds)

Answer 47

the frontal region including brocas area

Question 48

what aspects of music is the left hemisphere invloved in?

Answer 48

some of music processing such as those involved in making music ( reading and composing) - recognizing written music - playing instruments - composing

Question 49

melody triggers activation where?

Answer 49

right hemisphere of auditory cortex (A2) lying in front of A1

Question 50

making pitch judgements about 2 notes of each melody activates?

Answer 50

right frontal lobe (short term memory required)

Question 51

the capacity for music may be ?

Answer 51

innate | - infants show preference for musical scales versus random notes

Question 52

what may be a bias towards percieving regularity in rithyms

Answer 52

humans are very sensitive to musical errrors

Question 53

music is used as treatment for

Answer 53

mood disorders such as depression and motor disorders such as parkinsons

Question 54

parkinsons patients who listened to rhythm had activation where? causing what?

Answer 54

- motor and premotor cortex and can improve gait and arm training after stroke - stepping to the beat of the music can also imporve gait

Question 55

explain musical memory

Answer 55

the younger you are the more music solidifies in your brain, a form of crystallizing knowledge and is very hard to disrupt with brain damage or aging

Question 56

a disorder of impaired musical processing, perception and recognition

Answer 56

amusia

Question 57

amusia can be ? or ?

Answer 57

congenital or acquired

Question 58

ppl with amusia are truly ?

Answer 58

tone deaf