How do we hear speak and make music (ch 10) Flashcards
representation of pitch
tonotopic representation
hair cells in the cochlea code frequency as a function of?
their location on the basilar membrane
hair cell cilia at the base of the cochlea are maximally displaced by ?
high frequency waves that we hear as high frequency sounds
hair cell cilia at the apex of basilar membrane are displaced by ?
low frequency and low pitched sounds
the sound waves amplitude must be greater (louder) for what?
frequencies to excite the receptors membrane potential
do hair cells respond to ___ of frequencies but only respond _____ to 1 frequency, which ____ the firing rate of multiple hair cells
- lots, maximally, increases
where is the tonotopic representation of the basilar membrane reproduced?
and this representation is maintained throughout?
in the cochlear nucleus in the midbrain
- maintained throughout the auditory pathways and into the primary auditory cortex
(maintained at every synapse)
similar tonotopic maps can be constructed for each?
each level of the auditory system
the primary auditory cortex has areas for both incoming stimuli from?
the base of the cochlea and the apex of the cochlea
where is a cochlear implant inserted and what does it do?
implanted in the inner ear to transduce sound waves to neural activity and allows deaf people to hear
- it captures incoming sound waves via a microphone worn behind the ear
in an cochlear implant, what converts the frequenices to electrical current and stimulates the correct locations on the _____membrane, for a given frequency
- audio processor
- basilar
what does the tonotopic theory not explain for?
this likely has to do with what?
how sounds below 200 hz are coded
- the physical limitation of the system
sounds below 200 hz stimulate all cells where?
and the rate of firing is proportional too?
at the very apex of the basilar membrane
- frequency
how do we detect loudness ?
the greater the amplitude of the incoming sound waves, the greater the firing of bipolar cells in the cochlea = more intense movements of the basilar membrane = more shearing of hair cells = more NT release onto bipolar cells
how do we detect sound location ? (base don timing)
- by taking cues derived from one ear and by comparing cues received at both ears
- each cochlear nerve synapses on both sides of the brain to locate sounds
neurons in the brain stem compute the difference in a sound waves arrival time at each ear
- this is called?
the interaural time difference (ITD)
what is the interaural intensity difference? (IID)
relative loudness on the left compared to the right
the head acts as an obstacle to _____ which do bend easily around it
–> this results in?
higher frequency sound waves
- result in higher frequency waves on one side of the head louder than the other
what anatomical structure detects interaural time difference ?
medial part of the superior olivary complex
cells form both hemispheres receive input from both ears
it is more difficult to detect sound differences when ?
when sound moves from one side the head toward the middle; the difference time is smaller
when we detect no difference in arrival times, we infer the sound is coming from?
behind us or in front
what anatomical structure detects interaural intensity difference?
lateral part of the superior olive and trapazoid body
high frequency sounds on one side of the head are ____ than on the other
louder
what are the 2 primary sound waves patterns that humans hear?
music and language
music is process on what side of brain?
and language?
- music= right
- langauge= left
what does the ventral cortical pathway for audition do?
- decodes spectrally complex sounds (auditory object recognition), including the meaning of speech sounds
what does the dorsal corticol pathway for audition do?
- integrates auditory and somatosensory info to control speech production (audition for action)
tonotopic is ____ whereas tonographic is ____
- auditory, visual
musical ability is generally a ___ hemisphere specialization
right
all languages have common structural characteristics stemming from a ?
genetically determined constraint
–> innate biological component to language development
what are 3 elements of the uniformity or language structure
- language is universal in human populations
- humans learn language early in life and seemingly without effort
- languages have many structural element sin common (syntax, grammar, creolization)
what is the sensitive period for language acquisition
1-6 years
where is the brocas area and what does it do
anterior left hemisphere, functions with motor cortex to produce movements needed for speaking
where is wernickes area and what does it do
posterior left temporal lobe, regulates language comprehension: also called the posterior speech zone
what is wernickes model of speech recognition ?
stored sound images are matched to spoken words in the left posterior temporal cortex
speech is produced through the _________ which connects wernickes areas to?
- arcuate fasciculus
- brocas area
inability to speak or comprehend language despite having normal comprehension or intact vocal mechanisms
aphasia
inability to speak fluently despite normal comprehension
brocas aphasia
inability to understand or produce meaningful language even though production of words intact
wernickes aphasia
when a weak electrical current stimulated A1 what happened? and when it stimulated adjacent wernickes areas what happened?
- A1 = produced simple tone (ringing)
- Wernickes = apt to cause some interpretation of sound (buzzing sound to a familiar source like a cricket)
what area of the brain stopped ongoing speech completely (speech arrest), when stimulated
supplementary speech area on the dorsal surface of the frontal lobes
stimulation of what areas caused speech produced (vocalization related to movements of the mouth and tongue)
stimulation of facial areas in the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex
what does PET measure?
detects changes in blood flow by measuring changes in the uptake of compounds such as oxygen or glucose
simple auditory stimulation, such as a burst of noise, is analyzed by ____ whereas more complex auditory stimuli such as speech syllables, are analyzed by____
- area A1
- secondary auditory areas
passively listening to a bust of noise will cause activity where?
primary auditory cortex (heschls gyrus)
listening to words activates where?
posterior speech area including wernickes areas
making a phonetic discrimination activates where? (discriminating speech sounds)
the frontal region including brocas area
what aspects of music is the left hemisphere invloved in?
some of music processing such as those involved in making music ( reading and composing)
- recognizing written music
- playing instruments
- composing
melody triggers activation where?
right hemisphere of auditory cortex (A2) lying in front of A1
making pitch judgements about 2 notes of each melody activates?
right frontal lobe (short term memory required)
the capacity for music may be ?
innate
- infants show preference for musical scales versus random notes
what may be a bias towards percieving regularity in rithyms
humans are very sensitive to musical errrors
music is used as treatment for
mood disorders such as depression and motor disorders such as parkinsons
parkinsons patients who listened to rhythm had activation where? causing what?
- motor and premotor cortex and can improve gait and arm training after stroke
- stepping to the beat of the music can also imporve gait
explain musical memory
the younger you are the more music solidifies in your brain, a form of crystallizing knowledge and is very hard to disrupt with brain damage or aging
a disorder of impaired musical processing, perception and recognition
amusia
amusia can be ? or ?
congenital or acquired
ppl with amusia are truly ?
tone deaf
