What cause motivated and emotional behaviour 2 Flashcards
hypothetical mechanism that detects specific sensory stimuli and directs an organism to take particular action
Innate releasing mechanism
The brain must have a set of norms against which it can match stimuli so as to ?
trigger an appropriate response
although IRMs (innate releasing mechanism) are prewired in in to the brain, they can be ?
modified
when the hair stands up on a cat when they see a strange cat is an example of?
innate releasing mechanism
never learned that behaviour from their mom
babies matching facial expressions is an example of
innate releasing mechanism
innate expression can be modified through ?
–> example?
- experience
- different cultures differ in what they deem desirable – creates more complex expressions
____ favors behaviours that prove adaptive for an organism
–> example?
natural selection
- behaviours are passed on to future generations and traits that make them likely to survive and successfully reproduce
natural selection of specific behaviours is really selection of?
particular brain circuits
seeks to apply principles of natural selection to reveal causes in human behaviour
evolutionary psychology
bahaviours exist becuase the neural circuits producing them have been favoured through natural selection
evolutionary psychology
can evoluntionary theory account for all behaviour?
NO (homicide or mate selection)
What did B F Skinner suggest
a strong role of learning in behaviour (reinforcer)
what is a reinforcer
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behaviour that is follows
experience shapes behaviour by pairing _____ and _____
stimuli and reinforcers
understanding a persons reinforcement history could account for ?
various phobias (phobias are just reinforced baheviours)
why is free will said to be an illusion?
because behaviour is controlled not by the organism but rather by the environment through experience
________ changes regulate changes in memory circuits
epigenetic
(environmental influence on behaviour)
(brain is tied to behaviour)
does the environment always change the brain
why?
NO.
brains are not prewired to make every kind of association
acquired association between a specific taste or odor and illness
learned taste aversion
predisposition to respond to a certain stimuli differently to other stimuli
preparedness
brain not wired to make certain types of associations
why must you be careful when inferring an organisms actions are intentional?
because although it may seem like the organism is searching for food, a series of simple mechanisms that are not connected to thoughts are actually controlling (neurons from esophogus)
what are the 2 critical structures of motivates and emotional behaviour
–> what do these ares do
hypothalamus and associated pituitary gland
- send info to the other brain stem circuits to produce behaviour
the limbic system and frontal lobes both project to ?
the hypothalamus
the number 1 homeostatic regulator
hypothalamus
plays a role in homeostasis of emotion and motivated behaviour
inputs from the frontal lobe and limbic system funnel through the_______ which then send its axons to control ______ _______ that produce ______ _____
hypothalamus
brainstem circuits
motivated behaviour
behaviour motivated to meet the survival needs of the animal
regulatory behaviour
regulatory behaviour is controlled by what?
homeostatic mechanisms that include the hypothalamus
what are 4 homeostatic functions we control by regulatory behaviours
- internal body temp
- eating and drinking
- salt consumption
- waste elimination
behaviour unecessary to meet the basic survival needs of the animal
non regulatory behaviour
id non regulatory behaviour controlled by homeostatic mechanisms
NO
most non regulatory behaviour involves what brain regions
frontal lobes more than hypothalamus
non regulatory behaviour strongly influenced by ?
external stimuli
sexual behaviour, parental behaviour, aggression, food preference, curiosity, and reading are examples of what?
non regulatory behaviour
hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by acting on both the ?
the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamic circuit also influences behaviours selected by the rest of the brain, especially the ?
limbic system
controls variety of motivated behaviours ranging from HR to feeding to sexual activity
hypothalamic circuit
what % of the brains volume is the hypothalamus
1 %
the hypothalamic circuits principle function is to ?
control the pituitary gland
endocrine gland attached to the bottom of the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
what does the pituitary do?
secretes hormones to control activities of other endocrine glands
the pituitary is known to be associated with ?
biological rhythms
3 regions of the hypothalamus
- lateral region
- meidal region
- parventricular region
the paraventricular region contains _______, which is released when?
- oxytocin
- released in intimate moments such as nurturing behaviour, hugging, or sex, (bonding hormone)
contains nuclei and nerve tracts that connect to the lower brainstem to the forebrain
lateral region of the hypothalamus
medial forebrain bundle of the lateral hypothalamus, connects structures in the brainstem with ? and it forms activating projections from the ______ to the _______ and the _______
- various parts of the limbic system
- brainstem to basal ganglia and frontal cortex
medial forebrain bundle has ______ containing fibers that are involved _____ and there fore contribute to ________ behaviours
dopamine, reward, motivated
the posterior pituitary is _______ tissue whereas the anterior pituitary is _____ tissue
neural, glandular
continuation of the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
synthesizes various hormones
anterior pituitary
peptides released by the hypothalamus to increase or decrease the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
releasing hormones
neuropeptides in the hypothalamus send ________ signals down to the _______ pituitary, which releases ______ that tells the _______ tissue in the anterior pituitary to release hormones
- Neural
- Posterior
- Hormones
- Glandular
hypothalamus is also involved in hormone secretions, it makes neuropeptides that are transported down axons to terminals in the ______, capillaries in the ________ vascular bed pick up these peptides and then peptides???
posterior pituitary
- posterior pituitary
- enter the blood stream and get carried to a distant target
after hormones from the posterior pituitary are picked up by cappillaries and carried into the blood stream, then what happens?
releasing hormones are synthesized and secreted into the capillaries that carry them to the anterior pituitary
hypothalamus control the release of the anterior pituitary hormones by producing? which are?
releasing hormones,
- peptides that increase or decrease hormones release
what produces the hormones prolactin
anterior pituitary
release of the prolactin controlled by ?
prolactin releasing factor and a prolactin release (inhibiting factor)
controls secretions of adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
controls secretions of the thyroid gland
thyroid stimulating hormone
controls secretions of the gonads
- follicle - stimulating hormone (FSH)
1. luteinizing hormone (LH)
controls secretion of the mammary glands
prolactin
promotes growth throughout the body
growth hormone
3 mechanisms that control hypothalamic hormone release
- feedback loops
- neural regulation
- experiential responses
feedback loops influence hypo to _____ the amount of hormone released
decrease
other brain regions (limbic and frontal lobes) influence hormone release from hypo
–> how ?
neural regulation
- excitatory and inhibitory influences exerted by the cognitive activity (in frontal lobe) can influence neurons in the periventricular region
how does experience regulate hypo secretions
can alter the structure and function of hypothlamus
- ex, giving birth = increase oxytocin
2 important characteristics of behaviour generated by hypothalamic stimulation
- survival
2. reward
electrical stimuli in the different nuclei in the hypo produce goal directed behaviours such as (5)
(no control over it)
- eating and drinking
- digging
- displaying fear
- predatory or attack behaviour
- reproductive behaviour
where does the limbic system lay and what does it include (3)
medial temporal region of the temporal lobe
- cingulate gyrus
- hippocampal formation
- parahippocampal cortex
3 roles of the limbic system
emotion
reward and learning
motivation
the limbic system is next to the ______ and ______ system that help form memories (fear and smell, taste)
amygdala and olfactory
what 2 structures from memories
hippocampus and mamillary bodies
what is the nucleus of the hypothalamus
mamillary body
interconnected network of structures that control emotional expression and behaviour (neural basis of emotion)
- also play roles in motivated behaviours as well
papez circuit
- especially the amygdala and hippocampus
what are the 5 structures of the papez circuit
hippocampus mammillary body thalamus cingulate gyrus fornix
the limbic system can be seen as a BRIDGE connecting _____, _____, ______, and ______ responses to the environment
- endocrine
- visceral
- emotional
- voluntary
where are memories stored
there is no one spot they are stored all over in circuits
almond shape collection of nuclei in the limbic system , play a role in emotional and species specific behaviours,
amygdala
amygdala recevies info from what sensory systems?
ALL
in the amygdala, many neurons respond to more than one _______ (multimodal) and send projections primarily to the _____ and _______, and is intimately connected to the functioning of the ?
- sensory modality,
- hypothalamus and brainstem
- frontal lobe
cant disengage what from memory
amygdala (right beside the hippo)
learning, memory formation and retreival, site of adult neurogenesis
hippo
emotional learning and memory, fear, reward
amygdala
prefrontal cortex contributes to ? and controls selection of?
- specifying the goals of the movement
- movements appropriate to the particular time and context
3 division of the prefrontal cortex
- dorsolateral
- ventromedial
- orbitofrontal
prefrontal cortex recieves input from ____ sensory areas, and many neurons are _____
all, multimodal
prefrontal get a dopaminergic inout, and abnormalities in this projection may cause?
disorders like schiz
axons in the prefrontal cortex provide a route for influencing the ____ and _____, and control changes in ______, ______ an other internal processes
- ANS, ENS
- BP, respiration
what are 4 prefrontal lobe actions
- selecting behaviours appropriate to particular time and place
- adapting behaviour appropriately to the environmental context
- act much like a composer, selecting actions
- frontal lobes are sometimes described as housing the brains executive functions
3 components of expressing and stimulating emotion and their associated brain parts
- autonomic response - hypo and associated structures and ENS
- subjective feelings- amygdala and frontal lobes
- cognitions - cerebral cortex
physiological changes comes first, then the brain make interpretations changes as emotion. and the cortex produces cognitive responses to autonomic info
james lange theory of stimulating and epxressing emotion
intensity of emotions in individuals with spinal cord injury depends on ? (james lange)
- what does the spinal cord injury do to emotion?
- loss of emotion is greatest when lesion is where?
the level at which the spinal cord is severed
- blunts emotional experience (less sensory info coming in)
- greatest when highest in spinal cord
with ________ injury, underlying emotion no longer affects the reasoning of emotions (somatic marker)
frontal lobe
- emotions are normally linked to a person thoughts, decisions, and actions
- emotions are responses induces b either internal or external stimuli not normally attended to consciously
- somatic marker hypothesis of expresses and stimulating emotion
somatic marker hypothesis states that emotional responses includes actions on structures in the ____ and ______ and on the ___
forebrain, brainstem, ANS
3 functions of the amygdala in emotional behaviour
- involved in species specific behaviours
- influences autonomic and hormonal responses via connections with the hypothalamus
- influences conscious awareness of the consequences of the events and objects via connections with the prefrontal cortex
removal of the amygdala
kluver bucy syndrome
removal of amygdala in monkeys resulted in (6)
- loos of fear/ tameness
- indiscriminate dietary behaviour
- increased autoerotic, homosexual and heterosexual activity with inappropriate objects
- react to every visual stimulus
- examine all object by mouth
- visual agnosia (cant recognize objects)
- inability to feel and express ones own emotions and recognize emotional expressions of others
- apathy and loss of initiative and drive
- inability to plan/ poor decisisons
- –> damage to?
prefrontal cortex (severe effects on social and emotional behaviour)
orbitofrontal cortex has direct connections with
amygdala and hypo
responsible for the conscious awareness of the emotional state
prefrontal cortex
early life stress may cause epigenetic changes in ____ predisposing one to ________
prefrotnal cortex, depression
generalized anxiety disorder it thought to be caused by?
chronic stress
recurrent attacks of intense terror that come on without warning and without apparent relation to external circumstances
panic disorder
what is the most common treatment for emotional disorders
benzodiazepines
- augment GABA inhibitory effect
exaggerated concern with being overweight that leads to inadequate food intake and often excessive exercising; can lead to sever weight loss/ starvation
anorexia nervosa
digestion is controlled by the?
_______ keep track of the level of each nutrient in the bloodstream
ENS
detector cells
3 types of nutrients are extracted: each specialized form of energy reserve
lipids, amino acids, glucose
what is the bodies primary fuel and the only fuel for the brain
glucose
________ provide info on how well breakdown of food is proceeding
- when food reaches intestine, it interacts with receptors to trigger the release of ?
feedback mechanisms
- at least 10 peptide hormones
(CCK cholecystokinin)
failure to eat, may be due to unwilligness or motor difficulites
- what is this called?
- caused by ?
- aphagia
- damage to lateral hypo
disorder of overeating
- what is it called?
- Caused by?
- hyperphagia
- damage to ventromedial hypo
4 effects of damage to lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus and to paraventricular nucleus
- changes in hormone levels (especially insulin)
- sensory reactivity (changes to taste)
- glucose and lipid levels in blood
- metabolic rate
in control of feeding behaviour, the hypothalamus, receives info from? (3)
- ENS (blood glucose)
- hormone systems (about CCK- appetite diminishing)
- brain parts that process cognitive factors
damage alters food preferences and abolishes taste aversion learning
amygdala
receives input from _______, damage may result in decreased eating becuase of diminished sensory repsonses to food odor or taste
- orbitoprefrontal cortex
what are the 2 types of thirst
- osmotic thirst: results from increased conc of chemicals known to solute body fluids (drink water)
- hypovolemic thirst: results from loss of overall fluid volumes (drink fluids other than water)
what detects altered solute conc triggering osmotic thirst
receptors in hypo and third ventricle, then relays message to other hypo areas to stimulate us to drink
body tissues swell with excessive fluid, drowning cells
water intoxication
what stimulates us to drink water when hypovolemic thirst
kidneys send hormone signal (angiotensin) that stimulates midline hypothalamic neurons
what area of brain involved in organizing gonadal hormones and controlling sexual behaviours
preoptic area of medial hypothalamus
also amygdala, prefrontal cortex and spinal cord involved
gonadal hormones produce enzyme necessary for epigenetic changes such as ______ in controlling sexual behaviour
gene methylation
_____ methylates the preoptic area of females, leading to ________ of male charterisitics
estrogen, suppression
increased levels of ________ compounds, can interfere with hormones activity resulting in ?
environmental,
- multigenerational epigenetic effects
differential development of brain areas in 2 sexes influenced by gonadal hormones
sexual dimorphism
_____ masculizes the male brain
- Aromatase converts testosterone to ____
- alpha -fetoprotein prevents ______ from entering neurons
estradiol
estradiol
estrogen
preoptic area of hypo is ____ times as large in males as in females
5x
in females, high ____ levels are associated with sexual receptivity
- periods of high estrogen= more ?
estrogen,
dendritic spines on neurons in hippo
brain area that controls female mating posture (lordosis)
ventromedial hypothalamus
brain area that controls copulatory behaviour but not sexual motivation in males
preoptic area of medial hypo
brain area that control sexual motivation in males
amygdala
what is different in homosexual and heterosexual men
hypothalamus
5 biological factors that influence likelihood of transgender identity
- chromosome abnormality
- polymorphisms of genes for the estrogen and androgen receptor
- abnormal gonadal hormone levels
- prenatal exposure to certain anticonvulsants
- immune system activity directed to Y chromosome
damage to frontal lobe results in ______ of sexual behaviour and loss of sexual interest
frontal lobes
the _____ mechanisms may ave evolved to increase the adaptive fitness of both the entire species and of individual members of a species
reward
what brain region are especially active when rats press bar for reward
- and what is released?
lateral hypothalamus and medial froebrain bundle (mesolimbic dopamine system)
–> dopamine
2 independant processes of reward
- do they always occur together?
wanting (incentive)
liking (evaluation of pleasure)
- no
wanting involves ?
liking involves?
- dopamine
- opiod and benzodiazepine- GABA systems
when rat self stimulus lateral hypothalmus what increases> liking or wanting?
wanting
the size of activity of pathways related to reward depends on?
the intensity of reward
what 2 brain regions active in participants craving nicotine?
orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
