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Psych 351D midterm 3 > What cause motivated and emotional behaviour 2 > Flashcards

What cause motivated and emotional behaviour 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

hypothetical mechanism that detects specific sensory stimuli and directs an organism to take particular action

A

Innate releasing mechanism

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2
Q

The brain must have a set of norms against which it can match stimuli so as to ?

A

trigger an appropriate response

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3
Q

although IRMs (innate releasing mechanism) are prewired in in to the brain, they can be ?

A

modified

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4
Q

when the hair stands up on a cat when they see a strange cat is an example of?

A

innate releasing mechanism

never learned that behaviour from their mom

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5
Q

babies matching facial expressions is an example of

A

innate releasing mechanism

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6
Q

innate expression can be modified through ?

–> example?

A
  • experience

- different cultures differ in what they deem desirable – creates more complex expressions

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7
Q

____ favors behaviours that prove adaptive for an organism

–> example?

A

natural selection

- behaviours are passed on to future generations and traits that make them likely to survive and successfully reproduce

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8
Q

natural selection of specific behaviours is really selection of?

A

particular brain circuits

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9
Q

seeks to apply principles of natural selection to reveal causes in human behaviour

A

evolutionary psychology

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10
Q

bahaviours exist becuase the neural circuits producing them have been favoured through natural selection

A

evolutionary psychology

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11
Q

can evoluntionary theory account for all behaviour?

A

NO (homicide or mate selection)

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12
Q

What did B F Skinner suggest

A

a strong role of learning in behaviour (reinforcer)

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13
Q

what is a reinforcer

A

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behaviour that is follows

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14
Q

experience shapes behaviour by pairing _____ and _____

A

stimuli and reinforcers

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15
Q

understanding a persons reinforcement history could account for ?

A

various phobias (phobias are just reinforced baheviours)

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16
Q

why is free will said to be an illusion?

A

because behaviour is controlled not by the organism but rather by the environment through experience

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17
Q

________ changes regulate changes in memory circuits

A

epigenetic
(environmental influence on behaviour)
(brain is tied to behaviour)

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18
Q

does the environment always change the brain

why?

A

NO.

brains are not prewired to make every kind of association

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19
Q

acquired association between a specific taste or odor and illness

A

learned taste aversion

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20
Q

predisposition to respond to a certain stimuli differently to other stimuli

A

preparedness

brain not wired to make certain types of associations

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21
Q

why must you be careful when inferring an organisms actions are intentional?

A

because although it may seem like the organism is searching for food, a series of simple mechanisms that are not connected to thoughts are actually controlling (neurons from esophogus)

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22
Q

what are the 2 critical structures of motivates and emotional behaviour
–> what do these ares do

A

hypothalamus and associated pituitary gland

- send info to the other brain stem circuits to produce behaviour

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23
Q

the limbic system and frontal lobes both project to ?

A

the hypothalamus

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24
Q

the number 1 homeostatic regulator

A

hypothalamus

plays a role in homeostasis of emotion and motivated behaviour

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25
Q

inputs from the frontal lobe and limbic system funnel through the_______ which then send its axons to control ______ _______ that produce ______ _____

A

hypothalamus
brainstem circuits
motivated behaviour

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26
Q

behaviour motivated to meet the survival needs of the animal

A

regulatory behaviour

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27
Q

regulatory behaviour is controlled by what?

A

homeostatic mechanisms that include the hypothalamus

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28
Q

what are 4 homeostatic functions we control by regulatory behaviours

A
  • internal body temp
  • eating and drinking
  • salt consumption
  • waste elimination
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29
Q

behaviour unecessary to meet the basic survival needs of the animal

A

non regulatory behaviour

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30
Q

id non regulatory behaviour controlled by homeostatic mechanisms

A

NO

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31
Q

most non regulatory behaviour involves what brain regions

A

frontal lobes more than hypothalamus

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32
Q

non regulatory behaviour strongly influenced by ?

A

external stimuli

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33
Q

sexual behaviour, parental behaviour, aggression, food preference, curiosity, and reading are examples of what?

A

non regulatory behaviour

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34
Q

hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by acting on both the ?

A

the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system

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35
Q

hypothalamic circuit also influences behaviours selected by the rest of the brain, especially the ?

A

limbic system

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36
Q

controls variety of motivated behaviours ranging from HR to feeding to sexual activity

A

hypothalamic circuit

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37
Q

what % of the brains volume is the hypothalamus

A

1 %

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38
Q

the hypothalamic circuits principle function is to ?

A

control the pituitary gland

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39
Q

endocrine gland attached to the bottom of the hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland

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40
Q

what does the pituitary do?

A

secretes hormones to control activities of other endocrine glands

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41
Q

the pituitary is known to be associated with ?

A

biological rhythms

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42
Q

3 regions of the hypothalamus

A
  • lateral region
  • meidal region
  • parventricular region
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43
Q

the paraventricular region contains _______, which is released when?

A
  • oxytocin

- released in intimate moments such as nurturing behaviour, hugging, or sex, (bonding hormone)

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44
Q

contains nuclei and nerve tracts that connect to the lower brainstem to the forebrain

A

lateral region of the hypothalamus

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45
Q

medial forebrain bundle of the lateral hypothalamus, connects structures in the brainstem with ? and it forms activating projections from the ______ to the _______ and the _______

A
  • various parts of the limbic system

- brainstem to basal ganglia and frontal cortex

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46
Q

medial forebrain bundle has ______ containing fibers that are involved _____ and there fore contribute to ________ behaviours

A

dopamine, reward, motivated

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47
Q

the posterior pituitary is _______ tissue whereas the anterior pituitary is _____ tissue

A

neural, glandular

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48
Q

continuation of the hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary

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49
Q

synthesizes various hormones

A

anterior pituitary

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50
Q

peptides released by the hypothalamus to increase or decrease the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

A

releasing hormones

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51
Q

neuropeptides in the hypothalamus send ________ signals down to the _______ pituitary, which releases ______ that tells the _______ tissue in the anterior pituitary to release hormones

A
  • Neural
  • Posterior
  • Hormones
  • Glandular
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52
Q

hypothalamus is also involved in hormone secretions, it makes neuropeptides that are transported down axons to terminals in the ______, capillaries in the ________ vascular bed pick up these peptides and then peptides???

A

posterior pituitary

  • posterior pituitary
  • enter the blood stream and get carried to a distant target
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53
Q

after hormones from the posterior pituitary are picked up by cappillaries and carried into the blood stream, then what happens?

A

releasing hormones are synthesized and secreted into the capillaries that carry them to the anterior pituitary

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54
Q

hypothalamus control the release of the anterior pituitary hormones by producing? which are?

A

releasing hormones,

- peptides that increase or decrease hormones release

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55
Q

what produces the hormones prolactin

A

anterior pituitary

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56
Q

release of the prolactin controlled by ?

A

prolactin releasing factor and a prolactin release (inhibiting factor)

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57
Q

controls secretions of adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

58
Q

controls secretions of the thyroid gland

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

59
Q

controls secretions of the gonads

A
  1. follicle - stimulating hormone (FSH)

1. luteinizing hormone (LH)

60
Q

controls secretion of the mammary glands

A

prolactin

61
Q

promotes growth throughout the body

A

growth hormone

62
Q

3 mechanisms that control hypothalamic hormone release

A
  1. feedback loops
  2. neural regulation
  3. experiential responses
63
Q

feedback loops influence hypo to _____ the amount of hormone released

A

decrease

64
Q

other brain regions (limbic and frontal lobes) influence hormone release from hypo
–> how ?

A

neural regulation
- excitatory and inhibitory influences exerted by the cognitive activity (in frontal lobe) can influence neurons in the periventricular region

65
Q

how does experience regulate hypo secretions

A

can alter the structure and function of hypothlamus

- ex, giving birth = increase oxytocin

66
Q

2 important characteristics of behaviour generated by hypothalamic stimulation

A
  1. survival

2. reward

67
Q

electrical stimuli in the different nuclei in the hypo produce goal directed behaviours such as (5)
(no control over it)

A
  1. eating and drinking
  2. digging
  3. displaying fear
  4. predatory or attack behaviour
  5. reproductive behaviour
68
Q

where does the limbic system lay and what does it include (3)

A

medial temporal region of the temporal lobe

  • cingulate gyrus
  • hippocampal formation
  • parahippocampal cortex
69
Q

3 roles of the limbic system

A

emotion
reward and learning
motivation

70
Q

the limbic system is next to the ______ and ______ system that help form memories (fear and smell, taste)

A

amygdala and olfactory

71
Q

what 2 structures from memories

A

hippocampus and mamillary bodies

72
Q

what is the nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

mamillary body

73
Q

interconnected network of structures that control emotional expression and behaviour (neural basis of emotion)
- also play roles in motivated behaviours as well

A

papez circuit

- especially the amygdala and hippocampus

74
Q

what are the 5 structures of the papez circuit

A 
hippocampus 
mammillary body 
thalamus 
cingulate gyrus 
fornix
75
Q

the limbic system can be seen as a BRIDGE connecting _____, _____, ______, and ______ responses to the environment

A
  • endocrine
  • visceral
  • emotional
  • voluntary
76
Q

where are memories stored

A

there is no one spot they are stored all over in circuits

77
Q

almond shape collection of nuclei in the limbic system , play a role in emotional and species specific behaviours,

A

amygdala

78
Q

amygdala recevies info from what sensory systems?

A

ALL

79
Q

in the amygdala, many neurons respond to more than one _______ (multimodal) and send projections primarily to the _____ and _______, and is intimately connected to the functioning of the ?

A
  • sensory modality,
  • hypothalamus and brainstem
  • frontal lobe
80
Q

cant disengage what from memory

A

amygdala (right beside the hippo)

81
Q

learning, memory formation and retreival, site of adult neurogenesis

A

hippo

82
Q

emotional learning and memory, fear, reward

A

amygdala

83
Q

prefrontal cortex contributes to ? and controls selection of?

A
  • specifying the goals of the movement

- movements appropriate to the particular time and context

84
Q

3 division of the prefrontal cortex

A
  1. dorsolateral
  2. ventromedial
  3. orbitofrontal
85
Q

prefrontal cortex recieves input from ____ sensory areas, and many neurons are _____

A

all, multimodal

86
Q

prefrontal get a dopaminergic inout, and abnormalities in this projection may cause?

A

disorders like schiz

87
Q

axons in the prefrontal cortex provide a route for influencing the ____ and _____, and control changes in ______, ______ an other internal processes

A
  • ANS, ENS

- BP, respiration

88
Q

what are 4 prefrontal lobe actions

A
  1. selecting behaviours appropriate to particular time and place
  2. adapting behaviour appropriately to the environmental context
  3. act much like a composer, selecting actions
  4. frontal lobes are sometimes described as housing the brains executive functions
89
Q

3 components of expressing and stimulating emotion and their associated brain parts

A
  1. autonomic response - hypo and associated structures and ENS
  2. subjective feelings- amygdala and frontal lobes
  3. cognitions - cerebral cortex
90
Q

physiological changes comes first, then the brain make interpretations changes as emotion. and the cortex produces cognitive responses to autonomic info

A

james lange theory of stimulating and epxressing emotion

91
Q

intensity of emotions in individuals with spinal cord injury depends on ? (james lange)

  • what does the spinal cord injury do to emotion?
  • loss of emotion is greatest when lesion is where?
A

the level at which the spinal cord is severed

  • blunts emotional experience (less sensory info coming in)
  • greatest when highest in spinal cord
92
Q

with ________ injury, underlying emotion no longer affects the reasoning of emotions (somatic marker)

A

frontal lobe

93
Q
  • emotions are normally linked to a person thoughts, decisions, and actions
  • emotions are responses induces b either internal or external stimuli not normally attended to consciously
A
  • somatic marker hypothesis of expresses and stimulating emotion
94
Q

somatic marker hypothesis states that emotional responses includes actions on structures in the ____ and ______ and on the ___

A

forebrain, brainstem, ANS

95
Q

3 functions of the amygdala in emotional behaviour

A
  1. involved in species specific behaviours
  2. influences autonomic and hormonal responses via connections with the hypothalamus
  3. influences conscious awareness of the consequences of the events and objects via connections with the prefrontal cortex
96
Q

removal of the amygdala

A

kluver bucy syndrome

97
Q

removal of amygdala in monkeys resulted in (6)

A
  1. loos of fear/ tameness
  2. indiscriminate dietary behaviour
  3. increased autoerotic, homosexual and heterosexual activity with inappropriate objects
  4. react to every visual stimulus
  5. examine all object by mouth
  6. visual agnosia (cant recognize objects)
98
Q
  • inability to feel and express ones own emotions and recognize emotional expressions of others
  • apathy and loss of initiative and drive
  • inability to plan/ poor decisisons
  • –> damage to?
A

prefrontal cortex (severe effects on social and emotional behaviour)

99
Q

orbitofrontal cortex has direct connections with

A

amygdala and hypo

100
Q

responsible for the conscious awareness of the emotional state

A

prefrontal cortex

101
Q

early life stress may cause epigenetic changes in ____ predisposing one to ________

A

prefrotnal cortex, depression

102
Q

generalized anxiety disorder it thought to be caused by?

A

chronic stress

103
Q

recurrent attacks of intense terror that come on without warning and without apparent relation to external circumstances

A

panic disorder

104
Q

what is the most common treatment for emotional disorders

A

benzodiazepines

- augment GABA inhibitory effect

105
Q

exaggerated concern with being overweight that leads to inadequate food intake and often excessive exercising; can lead to sever weight loss/ starvation

A

anorexia nervosa

106
Q

digestion is controlled by the?

_______ keep track of the level of each nutrient in the bloodstream

A

ENS

detector cells

107
Q

3 types of nutrients are extracted: each specialized form of energy reserve

A

lipids, amino acids, glucose

108
Q

what is the bodies primary fuel and the only fuel for the brain

A

glucose

109
Q

________ provide info on how well breakdown of food is proceeding
- when food reaches intestine, it interacts with receptors to trigger the release of ?

A

feedback mechanisms
- at least 10 peptide hormones
(CCK cholecystokinin)

110
Q

failure to eat, may be due to unwilligness or motor difficulites

  • what is this called?
  • caused by ?
A
  • aphagia

- damage to lateral hypo

111
Q

disorder of overeating

  • what is it called?
  • Caused by?
A
  • hyperphagia

- damage to ventromedial hypo

112
Q

4 effects of damage to lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus and to paraventricular nucleus

A
  • changes in hormone levels (especially insulin)
  • sensory reactivity (changes to taste)
  • glucose and lipid levels in blood
  • metabolic rate
113
Q

in control of feeding behaviour, the hypothalamus, receives info from? (3)

A
  1. ENS (blood glucose)
  2. hormone systems (about CCK- appetite diminishing)
  3. brain parts that process cognitive factors
114
Q

damage alters food preferences and abolishes taste aversion learning

A

amygdala

115
Q

receives input from _______, damage may result in decreased eating becuase of diminished sensory repsonses to food odor or taste

A
  • orbitoprefrontal cortex
116
Q

what are the 2 types of thirst

A
  1. osmotic thirst: results from increased conc of chemicals known to solute body fluids (drink water)
  2. hypovolemic thirst: results from loss of overall fluid volumes (drink fluids other than water)
117
Q

what detects altered solute conc triggering osmotic thirst

A

receptors in hypo and third ventricle, then relays message to other hypo areas to stimulate us to drink

118
Q

body tissues swell with excessive fluid, drowning cells

A

water intoxication

119
Q

what stimulates us to drink water when hypovolemic thirst

A

kidneys send hormone signal (angiotensin) that stimulates midline hypothalamic neurons

120
Q

what area of brain involved in organizing gonadal hormones and controlling sexual behaviours

A

preoptic area of medial hypothalamus

also amygdala, prefrontal cortex and spinal cord involved

121
Q

gonadal hormones produce enzyme necessary for epigenetic changes such as ______ in controlling sexual behaviour

A

gene methylation

122
Q

_____ methylates the preoptic area of females, leading to ________ of male charterisitics

A

estrogen, suppression

123
Q

increased levels of ________ compounds, can interfere with hormones activity resulting in ?

A

environmental,

- multigenerational epigenetic effects

124
Q

differential development of brain areas in 2 sexes influenced by gonadal hormones

A

sexual dimorphism

125
Q

_____ masculizes the male brain

  • Aromatase converts testosterone to ____
  • alpha -fetoprotein prevents ______ from entering neurons
A

estradiol
estradiol
estrogen

126
Q

preoptic area of hypo is ____ times as large in males as in females

A

5x

127
Q

in females, high ____ levels are associated with sexual receptivity
- periods of high estrogen= more ?

A

estrogen,

dendritic spines on neurons in hippo

128
Q

brain area that controls female mating posture (lordosis)

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

129
Q

brain area that controls copulatory behaviour but not sexual motivation in males

A

preoptic area of medial hypo

130
Q

brain area that control sexual motivation in males

A

amygdala

131
Q

what is different in homosexual and heterosexual men

A

hypothalamus

132
Q

5 biological factors that influence likelihood of transgender identity

A
  1. chromosome abnormality
  2. polymorphisms of genes for the estrogen and androgen receptor
  3. abnormal gonadal hormone levels
  4. prenatal exposure to certain anticonvulsants
  5. immune system activity directed to Y chromosome
133
Q

damage to frontal lobe results in ______ of sexual behaviour and loss of sexual interest

A

frontal lobes

134
Q

the _____ mechanisms may ave evolved to increase the adaptive fitness of both the entire species and of individual members of a species

A

reward

135
Q

what brain region are especially active when rats press bar for reward
- and what is released?

A

lateral hypothalamus and medial froebrain bundle (mesolimbic dopamine system)
–> dopamine

136
Q

2 independant processes of reward

- do they always occur together?

A

wanting (incentive)
liking (evaluation of pleasure)
- no

137
Q

wanting involves ?

liking involves?

A
  • dopamine

- opiod and benzodiazepine- GABA systems

138
Q

when rat self stimulus lateral hypothalmus what increases> liking or wanting?

A

wanting

139
Q

the size of activity of pathways related to reward depends on?

A

the intensity of reward

140
Q

what 2 brain regions active in participants craving nicotine?

A

orbital and medial prefrontal cortex

Psych 351D midterm 3 (5 decks)

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