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Psych 351D midterm 3 > Why do we Sleep and Dream 2 > Flashcards

Why do we Sleep and Dream 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

SCN and Biorhythms effect our ____ _____ memory

A

state dependant

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2
Q

2 general ways to measure sleep

A

self report

laboratory

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3
Q

what is used to measure the electrical activity of the brain

A

polygraph

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4
Q

an instrument for recording variations of several different physiological pulsations simultaneously

A

polygraph

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5
Q
  1. record of brain wave activity
  2. record of muscle activity
  3. record of eye movement
A
  1. electroencephalogram
  2. electromyogram
  3. electrooculogram
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6
Q

4 stages of sleeping and waking

A
  1. Beta rhythm (waking state)
  2. Alpha rhythm (relaxed state)
  3. Theta rhythm (drowsy state)
  4. delta rhythm (sleeping state)
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7
Q

small amplitude, fast frequency, (15-30hz); muscle tone; eyes move

A

beta rhythm

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8
Q

large amplitude, slow frequency (7-11), muscle tine, eyes closed

A

alpha rhythm

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9
Q

EEG waves increase, slower frequency (4-7), muscle tone, eye NOT moving

A

theta rhythm

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10
Q

slow, large EEG waves (1-3 hz), associated with loss of consciousness; muscle tone, no eye movement

A

delta rhythm

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11
Q

fast brain wave pattern displayed by the neocortical EEG record during sleep: muscle inactivity (atonia) except for twitches and eye movements

A

REM sleep

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12
Q

delta rhythm, EEG oattern in slow and large and EOG in inactive

A

nonREM

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13
Q

what happens to body temp during sleep

A

declines

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14
Q

what is a typical nights sleep in regard to stages?

A

awake

non rem (90 min cycle) 
     stage 1 
    stage 2
     stage 3
    stage 4

rem

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15
Q

after REM we loop back to what stage

A

stage 2

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16
Q

when is our lowest body temp during sleep

A

during earlier NREM sleep and rises in the later REM dominated parts

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17
Q

what stage do we spend the longest in in one cycle

A

stage 4

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18
Q

adults who sleep 8 hours spend ___ hours in REM

A

2

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19
Q

duration of REM varies with ____ and changes dramatically over the life span

  • when is REM high?
  • when does it increase?
A

age

  • infancy
  • growth spurts, physical exertion, pregnancy
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20
Q
  • decrease in body temp, increase in GH release
  • talk or grind teeth
  • flailing, banging arm, kicking
A

NON rem sleep

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21
Q

in NON REM sleep we maintain ?

A

muscle posture

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22
Q

dreaming occurs in nrem sleep but not as vivid as in rem sleep,
except for ? (3)

A

sleep walking
sleep talking
night terrors

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23
Q

REM sleep you have atonia which is ?

A

no ton, condition of complete muscle inactivity produced as sleep regions of our brainstem inhibit motor neurons

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24
Q

in REM sleep, mechanisms that regulate ___________ stop working
- causing?

A

body temperature

- body temp to move toward room temp

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25
Q

neural pathways that mediate this are spared paralysis during rem sleep

A

distal twitches

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26
Q

2 theories for twitching

A

maintain blood flow

neural development and fine tuning of coordinated movements

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27
Q

does everyone dream every night

A

yes, a number of times

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28
Q

in REM sleep, dreams appear to take place where? and dream sessions get longer?

A
  • in real time

- longer throughout a sleep session

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29
Q

breif frightening dreams which occur in NREM sleep

A

night terrors

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30
Q

sigmund freud dream theory

A

dreams are the fullfillment of unconscious wishes

  • manifest content: loosely connected series of bizarre images and actions
  • latent content: true meanign of the dream
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31
Q

carl jung dream theory

A

dreams are expansions of memories that have lost connection to consciousness—- dreams allow the dreamer to relive “collective unconscious”

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32
Q

what are 2 problems with dream theories

A
  1. it is impossible to know the “correct: interpretation

2. biased methods

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33
Q

contemporary methods of dream theory focus on the objective

- most dreams are related to?

A

quiet events and concern on going problems

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34
Q

out of 10 000 dreams of a healthy individual:

  • 64% associated with
  • 18% associated with
  • 1% associated with
A
  • sadness, anxiety , anger
  • happiness
  • sexual acts or feelings
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35
Q

2 approaches to contemporary thoughts on what we dream

A

bottom up: no meaning in dreams, person dreasm then the dreamer analyzes it
top down: content of the dream reflect biological adaptive mechanism- the dreamer makes the dream

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36
Q

the cortex is bombed with signals from the brainstem, producing a pattern of waking EEG

  • in response the cortex generate images, actions and emotions from personal memory stores
  • what theory ?
A

activation - synthesis hypothesis (dreams are meaningless brain activity )
J. Allan Hobson

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37
Q

dreams are highly organizes and biased toward threatening images

  • they are biologically important becuase they lead to enhanced performance in dealing with threatening life events
  • what theory
A

evolutionary dream hypothesis
- dreams as coping strategy
Antonia Revonsuo

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38
Q

extension of the top down theory, people are problem solvers when awake and that continues during sleep

A

evolutionary hypothesis

dreams as a coping strategy

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39
Q

do ppl sleep less or more in isolation

A

less (sleep is not a result of decreased sensory stimulation)

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40
Q

3 main contemporary explantations for sleep

A
  1. sleep is adaptive
  2. sleep is restorative
  3. sleep is supportive of memory
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41
Q

3 facts that support that sleep is a biologically adaptive behaviour that influences the ways species have evolved to interact with its environment

A
  1. sleep is an energy conserving strategy : gather food at optimal times
  2. predatory animals sleep more than prey animals
  3. nocturnal or diurnal animals will sleep when they cannot travel easily
42
Q

what animal sleeps the less? and the most?

A

donkey (4 hour), opossum (20hour)

43
Q

3 ways that sleep conserves energy

A
  1. energy not being expended
  2. switching the brain off, especially in nrem sleep
  3. decline in body temp decrease the bodys metabolism
44
Q

recurring cycles of temporal packets, about 90 min periods of humans, during which animals level of arousal waxes and wanes
- examples?

A

basic rest-actvity cycle (BRAC)

- school classes, work periods, meal time, coffee or snack breaks

45
Q

does the BRAC turn off at night?

A

no. the body is paralyzyed during rem sleep to prevent interruptions thorughout sleep

46
Q

our behaviour is dominated by ______ through which our activity levels change in the course of the day and by an NREM and REM sleep cycle during the night

A

BRAC

47
Q

chemical events that provide energy to cells may be reduced during waking and are replenished during sleep
- evidence of?

A

sleep as a restorative process

48
Q

what is the thought that sleep might not be a restorative process?

A

fatigue and alertness may simply be aspects of the circadian rythms and have nothing to do with wear and tear on the body

49
Q

how do they test if sleep is a restorative process

A

sleep deprivation

  • found it does not cause physiological changes but cognitive deficits
  • hard to test because ppl micro sleep (confounding factor)
50
Q

cognitive tasks that require ______ declines as a function of hours of sleep deprivation

A

attention

51
Q

in animals, complete sleep deprivation with no micro sleeps has been associated with

A

death

52
Q

in sleep studies ppl who were deprived had an increased tendency to?
- what is the rem rebound that was also found

A

enter REM sleep in subsequent sleep sessions

-and they spend more time in REM sleep in the first available sleep session

53
Q

what are 2 facts that provide evidence that REM deprivation is not associated with adverse effect

A
  1. antidepressants decrease REM - no adverse consequences

2. brainstem damage can result in complete loss of REM sleep without any apparent ill effects

54
Q

sleep _______ and _________ memory

- theory is over ___ years old

A
  • solidifies and organizes

- 100 years

55
Q

3 phases of memory storage

A
  1. Labile Phase: memory is fragile and must compete with existing memories and addition of new memories
  2. Consolidation Phase: forges a relatively permanent representation of the memory; biochemical and genetic activity lead to structural changes
  3. Recall Phase: put the memory to work at some future time and also integrates it in to exsisting memory stores
56
Q

3 main theories of sleep and memory storage

A
  1. multiple process theory
  2. sequential process theories
  3. storage process theories
57
Q

different kinds of memory ares stored during different sleep states

A

multiple process theory

58
Q

memory is manipulated in different ways during different sleep states (one stage erases old competing memories, another stores new)

A

sequential process theories

59
Q

brain regions that handle different kinds of memory during waking continue to do so during sleep. sleep = no competitions from new working experiences (incoming stimuli)

A

storage process theories

60
Q

what happens with experiences during NREM sleep

A

they are being replayed and stored

61
Q

what did researchers find with the firing of place cells (hippocampal neural activity) when rats slept, searched for food, and during NREM sleep after food search

A

the same cells fired during the food search and after the food search in NREM sleep (consolidation)

62
Q

when having participant complete serial reaction time tasks,PET imaging showed

A

same brain regions were active during the task and during REM sleep (they were dreaming about what they learned)

63
Q

explicit memory is stored during ____ sleep and implicit memory is stored during ______

A
  • NREM

- REM

64
Q

melatonin might be thought to be sleep producing substance; however, sleep persists even with the removal of the pineal gland
– what does this mean?

A
  • substances appear to support but not cause sleep
65
Q

hemispheric sleep (dolphins and birds) suggest sleep is produced by?

A

the action of some brain region

66
Q

large reticulum that runs through the center of the brain stem

A

reticular activating system

67
Q

RAS is a mixture of

A

nuclei and nerve fiber

68
Q

stimulating the RAS produces?

damage to the RAS produces?

A
  • waking EEG

- slow wave EEG

69
Q

damage to what area can result in coma

A

reticular activating system

70
Q

if incoming sensory pathways to the RAS are cut we still ?

A

produce a waking EEG

71
Q

the RAS is the ______ of waking and ________ stimulation produces waking because it activates _____ -_______

A

source, sensory, RAS neurons

72
Q

the RAS is a ____ _____ to the SCN

A

slave ocsillator

73
Q

2 brainstem systems that influence waking

A
  1. basal forebrain

2. median raphe nucleus

74
Q

what does the basal forebrain do in waking behaviour

A

contains cholinergic cells that secrete Ach onto neocortical neurons that stimulate a waking EEG (beta) rhythm

75
Q

what dos the median raphe nuclues do in waking behaviour

A

contains serotonin neurons that project diffusely to the neocortex; also stimulates beta rhythms

76
Q 
cholinergic pathway (ACh from basal forebrain) is activated when we are ? 
and the serotonergic system (raphe) is activated when we ?
A
  • awake but not moving

- are moving

77
Q

damage to basal forebrain and/or the median raphe nucleus results in ?

A

an EEG that permanently resembles that of a sleeping animal (but can still walk around) (they dont produce bahaviour) (wont be abel to display intelligent behaviour or learn things if damage both)

78
Q

RAS produces its arousal effect by influencing?

A

the activity of basal forebrain and median raphe nucleus pathways

79
Q

cholinergic nucleus in the dorsal brain stem has a role in REM sleep behaviours; projects to the medial pontine reticulum

A

peribrachial area

80
Q

initiates REM sleep and REM related behaviours

A

peribrachial area (RAS is still central producer of REM sleep)

81
Q

nucleus in the pons participating in REM sleep

- projects to several other brain area that produce REM related behaviours

A

medial pontine reticular formation

82
Q

produces the atonia of REM SLEEP

A

medial pontine reticular formation

83
Q

the _______ is involved in a complex series that helps explain how REM event, rapid eye movements, and atonia take place in the absence of muscle tone

A

peribrachial area * draw this pathway

84
Q

2 most common NREM sleep disorders

A
  1. insomnia

2. Narcolepsy

85
Q

what is insomnia

A

disorder of slow wave sleep resulting in prolonged inability to sleep

86
Q

_____ and ______ account for 35% of insomnias

and _____ accounts for 15%

A

anxiety and depression

- worrying about insomnia

87
Q

what are drugs that help insomnia risky

A

develop dependancy insomnia

88
Q

what is narcolepsy

A

slow wave disorder in which a person uncontrollably fall asleep at inappropriate times

89
Q

what kind of drugs are helpful for narcolepsy

A

drugs that stimulate dopamine transmission

90
Q

what is one concerning cause of narcolepsy

A

sleep apnea (inability to breath during sleep)

91
Q

sleep apnea can be cause by ?

and can cause?

A
  • weak neural command or can be obstructive (collapse of upper airway caused by snoring or obesity)
  • high blood pressure, CVD disease, memory problems, weight gain, impotence, headaches, and brain damage due to hypoxemia
92
Q

atonia and dreaming when a person is awake, usually just falling asleep or waking up
(partial REM sleep)

A

sleep paralysis

93
Q

what 3 feelings do people with sleep paralysis experience

A
  1. a presence in the room
  2. something pressing on their chest
  3. feeling of levatation
94
Q

what is catalepsy

A

a form of narcolepsy in which a person loses all muscle activity or tone, as if in REM sleep, while awake (strongly linked to emotions)

95
Q

cataplexy; you experience ______ ________ –> a dreamlike event at the beginning of sleep or while a person is in a state of cataplexy

A

hypogenic hallucination

96
Q

_____ loss is related to cataplexy, which normally plays a role in?

A
  • orexin

- maintaining activity during waking

97
Q

______ cell sin the hypothalamus send projections to many other brain regions, as do nonspecific activating systems using ______ and ________

A
  • orexin
  • ACH
  • serotonin
98
Q

ppl who have _____ behave as though hey are acting out their dreams

A

REM sleep behaviour disorder

99
Q

REM sleep behaviour disorder affects some ppl taking?

and can be treated with?

A

antidepressants

- benzodiazepines, antianxiety drugs that block REM sleep

100
Q

studying sleep and sleep related disorders may help us to understand the >

A

neural basis or consciousness

Psych 351D midterm 3 (5 decks)

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