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A-Level History: The Origins of Conflict, 1450-1459 > Why did Richard of York's attempts to dominate government between 1450 and 1453 fail? > Flashcards

Why did Richard of York's attempts to dominate government between 1450 and 1453 fail? Flashcards

Inc. Dartford Coup details

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1
Q

Why was Somerset backed by the household?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

He was seen as the only defence from York and his ‘reforms’

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2
Q

How did Somerset use the household to gain support?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

Her cultivated the household and shielded many members from acts of resumption as well as highlighted patronage

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3
Q

Who is the royal family did Somerset had a strong relationship with?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

Queen Margaret

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4
Q

How much did Margaret pay Somerset?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

100 mark annuity

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5
Q

Why did many members of the household support Somerset?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

Saw him as a replacement for Suffolk and as someone who would protect them against the Yorkists

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6
Q

What happened to Somerset, despite his unpopularity?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

He was rehabilitated

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7
Q

How was fear of York used by Somerset to gain power?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

Somerset used the household’s fears of York’s reforms and possible removal of corrupt officials to gain support

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8
Q

Why did the household and Somerset work do well together?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

They both needed each other for ‘survival’

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9
Q

What did Somerset start to gain from members of the council?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

Popularity

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10
Q

What did Somerset allow and encourage in 1452?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

He allowed courtiers in the household access to the King and to his patronage

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11
Q

What was Margaret afraid of?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

Dynasty - If Henry dies without a kin, Margaret would be stripped of her power and status and sent back to France

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12
Q

What was York until October 1457?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

Heir presumptive

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13
Q

CA: Why do some historians argue over the strength of Somerset?

Household/Margaret’s support for Somerset

A

It is debated if Somerset would be in such a strong position within government and have such a strong relationship with Henry without Queen Margaret’s influence

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14
Q

What did Richard of York use in 1450 and 1452 which deepened suspicions of him?

York’s actions

A

The ‘mob’ and the commons

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15
Q

What did York speak of which the Lords did not agree with?

York’s actions

A

The ‘communitas’ and ‘commonweal’

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16
Q

When was the Dartford Coup?

York’s actions

A

1 March 1452

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17
Q

Why did some people disagree over York’s use of speaking for the commonweal?

York’s actions

A

As it was seen as only something the King could do - he didn’t have the authority

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18
Q

Who were supporters of York in late 1450?

York’s actions

A

Earl of Devon and Duke of Norfolk

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19
Q

How many times did York use the ‘mob’?

York’s actions

A

2

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20
Q

Where was York forced to swear an oath of loyalty to the King?

York’s actions

A

St Paul’s Cathedral

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21
Q

Which group did York continuously fail to gain the support of?

York’s actions

A

The Lords

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22
Q

Who began supporting York in 1453?

York’s actions

A

The Nevilles, Earl of Salisbury and Duke of Warwick

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23
Q

What did the nobles see York’s quarrel with Somerset as?

York’s actions

A

Personal

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24
Q

What were the causes of the Dartford Coup in 1452?

York’s actions

A
  • York continued to accuse Somerset of plotting against him.
  • York claimed he was acting against his enemies before they could act against him.
  • York sought to remove Somerset because of his failures in France.
  • York wanted to remove Somerset from a position of power he felt was rightfully his, and had failed to do so through parliament, so had resorted to force.
  • Henry VI continued to show favouritism towards Somerset, contributing towards York’s coup.
  • Arguably, the Coup would never of happened had the king addressed the charges made by York.
  • York felt Somerset was still going unpunished.
  • Somerset achieved all rewards and positions - e.g. taking Suffolk’s place in Henry’s government (York felt was rightfully his as a senior nobleman of royal blood).
  • York’s intention not too different from 1450.
25
Q

What were the events of the Dartford Coup (part1)?

York’s actions

A
  • York acquired the support of Courtenay, Earl of Devon and Lord Cobham.
  • Marched from Ludlow to London.
  • Propaganda was issued to towns for support and York issued declaring his loyalty to the king.
  • He swore an oath of allegiance to the king in front of witnesses in January 1452, did little to ease fears of public that York was bent on treason.
  • No other members of the nobility were willing to join.
  • York depended on the county of Kent to rise, though they did not.
  • London failed to rise in support and shut its gates to him. York had to cross the river at Kingston-upon-Thames.
26
Q

What were the events of the Dartford Coup (part2)?

York’s actions

A
  • York reached Dartford in Kent on March 2nd 1452.
  • Henry VI was already waiting with nobility such as Salisbury, Buckingham and Warwick (all who had shown sympathy but were not prepared to support him).
  • York decided best course of action was to submit to the king.
  • York presented Henry VI with his list of complaints of Somerset, the king was unfailing in his support for Somerset who was at his side throughout.
27
Q

What were the events of the Dartford Coup (part13)?

York’s actions

A
  • York was forced to swear oath of allegiance to the king at St. Paul’s Cathedral.
  • He had to promise to never resort to force to pursue his political ends.
  • York was not charged with treason or executed.
  • York returned to his estates where he was ordered to stay.
  • York had failed to remove Somerset and have himself installed in his place.
  • The King agreed to set up a panel looking into personal problems between York and Somerset, nothing came of it.
  • York remained isolated from court for the next 18 months.
28
Q

Why did York fail to succeed (part1 - social improvement) ?

York’s actions

A
  • The situation in 1452 was more improved than in 1450: the economy was recovering, parliament voted for tax to be payed to the king and Henry VI was active in overseeing justice in the South of England.
29
Q

Why did York fail to succeed (part2 - lack of support) ?

York’s actions

A
  • Majority of nobility were unwilling to take up support of York.
  • York’s letters for support forewarned the king, giving him time to assemble a larger army.
  • London remained loyal to the king.
  • Kent did not sow support following the fear of beheadings following Cade’s rebellion.
30
Q

Why did York fail to succeed (part1 - York’s reputation) ?

York’s actions

A
  • York’s demands failed to have popular appeal as his attacks on Somerset appeared personally motivated.
  • York’s actions looked like treason, not many wanted anything to do with him.
    HOWEVER:
  • York was able to attract 20,000 men.
  • York only had to wait 18 months for the situation in England to turn in his favour.
31
Q

What were the 3 strands of Somerset’s regime?

A

Government, Military, and Justice

32
Q

CA: Who could be to blame for influencing the actions of York, as well as people views towards him?

York’s actions

A

Somerset - Edmund Beaufort

33
Q

What did Somerset resort to?

Success of Somerset’s regime - government

A

The King’s right to personally control his government

34
Q

What did Somerset include a wider range of in government?

Success of Somerset’s regime - government

A

Polity

35
Q

Who did Somerset replace with Earl of Worcestershire after Dartford 1452?

Success of Somerset’s regime - government

A

Lord Beauchamp

36
Q

What was discreetly enacted by the government?

Success of Somerset’s regime - government

A

Suggestions from 1450 for financial reforms

37
Q

Which Yorkist was sent to the Tower of London in 1451?

Success of Somerset’s regime - government

A

Thomas Young

38
Q

Why did Thomas Young get sent to the Tower of London?

Success of Somerset’s regime - government

A

He attempted to declare York heir presumptive

39
Q

When was the Reading Parliament?

Success of Somerset’s regime - government

A

March 1453

40
Q

What happened at the Reading parliament in 1453?

Success of Somerset’s regime - government

A

It was in favour of the regime (Lancastrian), a reflection of growing popularity of judicial and military measures.
Huge grant of taxation
Sir William Oldhall was attainted

41
Q

CA: What happened to the parliamentary demands to scrutinise royal grants?

Success of Somerset’s regime - government

A

It was rejected

42
Q

CA: How much was the crown in debt by?

Success of Somerset’s regime - government

A

Over £372,000

43
Q

CA: What was still not included in the government?

Success of Somerset’s regime - government

A

York - his reforming programme was not acknowledged or openly enacted

44
Q

What military action was planned for 1451?

Success of Somerset’s regime - military

A

To rescue Gascony and send a limited expedition

45
Q

What was the well published scheme in 1452?

Success of Somerset’s regime - military

A

For Henry VI to travel to Calais and help defend and fight with the garrison

46
Q

How was military strength demonstrated?

Success of Somerset’s regime - military

A

By the armed support of much of the nobility against York’s Coup in 1452

47
Q

When was the second expedition sent to Gascony?

Success of Somerset’s regime - military

A

Autumn 1452

48
Q

What happened in 1453?

Success of Somerset’s regime - military

A

Earl of Shrewsbusy reconquered Bordeaux in Gascony

49
Q

CA: What was unsuccessful in 1451?

Success of Somerset’s regime - military

A

The campaign in Gascony

50
Q

CA: What was unsuccessful in 1452?

Success of Somerset’s regime - military

A

The planned expedition to Calais never occurred

51
Q

CA: What occured in July 1453?

Success of Somerset’s regime - military

A

English forces of John Talbot were crushed in the Battle of Castillon and Talbot was killed. All English possessions of France (except Calais) was lost

52
Q

What trials occured in Somersets regime?

Success of Somerset’s regime - justice

A

That for members of the council accused of corruption in 1450

53
Q

What Yorkist supporting attempt did the government oppose?

Success of Somerset’s regime - justice

A

To attain the Duke of Suffolk posthumously

54
Q

Judicial initiative - When were the rebels ‘dealt with’?

Success of Somerset’s regime - justice

A

January 1451 in Kent

55
Q

Judicial initiative - When was the Coventry-Bonville feud successfully dealt with?

Success of Somerset’s regime - justice

A

September 1452 in Coventry

56
Q

Judicial initiative - When were Yorkist supporters punished at Dartford?

Success of Somerset’s regime - justice

A

Autumn 1452 in the Welsh Boarder

57
Q

Judicial initiative - What was set under Somerset’s guidance?

Success of Somerset’s regime - justice

A

Penalties

58
Q

What happened in April 1452?

Success of Somerset’s regime - justice

A

General pardons were issued to all those who were not seen as leaders in recent disturbances

59
Q

CA: What reflected badly on Somerset’s regime?

Success of Somerset’s regime - justice

A

Many of ‘Suffolk’s men’ criticised by the mob and the commons in parliament and then indicated in 1450-1451 were eventually acquitted without penalty

A-Level History: The Origins of Conflict, 1450-1459 (19 decks)

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