Whole Cell Activity Flashcards
gene expression
protein synthesis direction by information found in DNA
process of cell reading the genetic code
Composition of DNA
nucleotides joined together to form two strands and a helix
DNA complimentary base pairs
Cytosine - Guanine
Thymine - Adenine
(in RNA uracil - adenine)
Gene
a sequence of nucleotides that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a specific polypeptide chain > protein
Biological unit of heredity - can be passed down
Nucleotide bases
“letters of the genetic dictionary”
triplet
“words that determines which amino acid is used”
transcription
copying DNA to mRNA
takes place in the nucleus
double helix unzips and is read
adenine pairs with uracil (instead of thymine)
translation
mRNA being used to produce a protein (@ ribosome site)
exits nucleus through nuclear pores
each code links with amino acid
tRNA transports amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome-mRNA complex
polypeptide (protein) then transferred to golgi apparatus
interphase
no cell dividing phase
G1 - normal cell metabolism
S - DNA replicated
G2 - cell preps to divide
mitosis
cell dividing phase / cell division
formation of 2 daughter cells
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
chromatin
uncoiled DNA
Chromatid
condensed DNA
Chromosome
2 identical chromatids linked via a centromere
daughter chromosome
when chromosomes separate
prophase
chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes
spindle fibers form from centrioles
centromere breaks apart
nuclear membrane dissolves
metaphase
spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
movement of chromosomes regulated by spindle fibers
chromosomes align near center of cell
anaphase
chromosomes separate into daughter chromosomes
each set of 46 chromosomes is moved by spindle fibers towards centriole at opposite poles of cell
cytoplasm begins to divide
telophase
chromosomes in each daughter cell form two separate nuclei
chromosomes begin to unravel
cytokinesis
the cytoplasm and cell membranes completely split
Tumors
abnormal dividing of cells - repetitive mitosis
benign or malignant (cancerous)
cell differentiation
Stem cells have the potential to become any cell type
the process by which cells develop with specialized structures and functions
apoptosis
programmed cell death
necrosis
accidental cell death - causes inflammation and tissue injury
