White cells

Question 1

What are granulocytes?

Answer 1

Refers to neutrophils, basophils or eosinophils

Granules present in the cytoplasm containing agents responsible for the phagocytic function

Question 2

What are monocytes?

Answer 2

Monocytes are precursors of tissue macrophages

Question 3

What are granulocytes and monocytes derived from?

Answer 3

Myeloid progenitor stem cells

Question 4

What do myeloid progenitor stem cells arise?

Answer 4

Granulocytes and macrophages

Question 5

What growth factors influence the synthesis of white cells?

Answer 5

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

Question 6

Where are leukocytes produced?

Answer 6

Produced in bone marrow and the thymus gland

Question 7

What are neutrophils?

Answer 7

Non-specific immune system and responsible for digesting and engulfing of pathogens through phagocytosis

Question 8

What substances are produced by basophils?

Answer 8

Histamines

Question 9

What role do histamines perform?

Answer 9

Increases permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells, encourages leukocytes to engage with pathogen
Affects blood flow to affected area, increases concentraiton of leukocytes
Vasodilation

Question 10

What type of basophils secretes histamines?

Answer 10

Ig-E

Question 11

Apart from histamine, what substances are also released from basophil granules?

Answer 11

Heparin and proteolytic enzymes

Question 12

What role do eosinophils perform?

Answer 12

Defence against parasites and allergic reactions.

Regulation of hypersensitivity reactions- inactivates histamine and leukotrienes

Question 13

Name the precursor granulocyte cells?

Answer 13

Myeloblast
Promyeloblast
Metamyelocytes

Question 14

Name the process in which granulocytes undergo maturation and synthesis?

Answer 14

Granulopoiesis

Question 15

What is the distinctive pattern for myeloblasts?

Answer 15

Prominent nucleoli and open chromatin pattern

Question 16

What is the circulating lifespan of neutrophils?

Answer 16

7-10 hours

Question 17

What two types of substances do neutrophils secrete?

Answer 17

Superoxide dependent: Release of reactive oxygen species, provides enzyme substrate for myeloperoxidase
Oxygen-independent: Defensins and gelantinases

Question 18

How are neutrophils identified?

Answer 18

Lobulated- segmented nucleus

Question 19

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 19

The movement of a cell in the direction corresponding to a decreasing and increasing concentration gradient of a particular substance

Question 20

How do neutrophils marginate and adhere themselves to the endothelium?

Answer 20

Selectins and integrins

Undergo polarisation, changing and rolling to a laterally suitable position for diapedesis

Question 21

What is diapedesis?

Answer 21

Process concerning the movement of cells through intact capillary walls.

Question 22

What are agranulocytes?

Answer 22

No lobed nuclei present

Consist of suspended granules

Question 23

What are monocytes?

Answer 23

Responsible for the formation of macrophages; presentation of antigenic fragments

Question 24

What is the function of lymphocyte B cells?

Answer 24

Production of antibodies

Question 25

What is the function of lymphocyte T cells?

Answer 25

Directly attack pathogen

Question 26

What is the function of macrophages?

Answer 26

Ingesting pathogens due to the ability of renewing lysosomes, engulfs pathogens coated with complement and antibody

Question 27

Which cells give rise to lymphocytes?

Answer 27

Lymphoid progenitor stem cells (From multipotent haemopoietic Scs)

Question 28

What are the lymphoid cells?

Answer 28

NK cells T-cells B-cells

Question 29

What is the fate of lymphocyte-B cells?

Answer 29

Mature and differentiate into effector cells --> Plasma cells (secretion of antibodies)

Question 30

Where are B-cells exposed to antigens?

Answer 30

Lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue

Question 31

What is the role performed by T-helper cells?

Answer 31

Secretion of cytokines that activate B-cells (clonal selection of antibodies)

Question 32

What is the role performed by cytotoxic CD8 cells?

Answer 32

Secretion of enzymes that compose pores in the membranes of infected cells, increases permeability of the cell-surface membrane, enabling entry of water and ions, cells burst

Question 33

Where does CD4 and CD8 marker acquisition occur?

Answer 33

Thymus gland

Question 34

What are NK cells?

Answer 34

Associated with the innate immune system- targets tumour cells and virus infected cells

Question 35

What is neutrophilia?

Answer 35

High neutrophil count exceeds 7500/ microL

Question 36

What causes neutrophilia?

Answer 36

Bacterial infection Inflammation Infarction Myeloproliferative neoplasms

Question 37

What drug causes neutrophilia?

Answer 37

Corticosteroids

Question 38

What phenomenon is accompanied by neutrophilia?

Answer 38

Left-shift

Question 39

What is left shift?

Answer 39

Discusses the increase in non-segmented variant neutrophils; indicative of neutrophils precursors present in the blood Presence of band forms

Question 40

What are band forms?

Answer 40

Non segmented neutrophils

Question 41

What is neutropenia?

Answer 41

Decrease in the absolute neutrophil count below 1500/microL

Question 42

What is agranulocytosis?

Answer 42

Absence of neutrophils in peripheral blood

Question 43

What are the clinical causes of neutropenia?

Answer 43

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy

Question 44

What are the causes of neutropenia?

Answer 44

Autoimmune disorders, severe bacterial infections (Pyogenic), drugs (anticonvulsant and antipsychotic)

Question 45

What is the treatment for neutropenia?

Answer 45

IV antibiotics

Question 46

What is hypersegmentation?

Answer 46

Increase in the average number of neutrophil lobes (Deficiency in B12 and Folate); megaloblastic anaemia

Question 47

What is lymphocytosis?

Answer 47

Increase in the absolute number or proportion of lymphocytes in the blood

Question 48

What are the causes of lymphocytosis?

Answer 48

``` Viral infection Epstein-Barr Virus infection Mononucleosis Leukaemia Chronic lyphocytic Whooping cough ```

Question 49

What is basophilic cytoplasm?

Answer 49

Purplish patina pH? 8

Question 50

What is lymphopenia?

Answer 50

Decrease in the absolute/proportion of lymphocytes

Question 51

What are the causes of lymphopenia?

Answer 51

HIV Chemo/radio therapy Corticosteroids

Question 52

What is monocytosis?

Answer 52

Refers to an influx in the promotion of circulating monocytes

Question 53

What is eosinophillia?

Answer 53

Increase in the number of circulating eosinophils

Question 54

What is basophillia?

Answer 54

Increase in the number of circulating basophils

Question 55

What causes eosinophilia?

Answer 55

Parasitic infection | Allergy