Blood transfusion

Question 1

How many allelic forms are present in blood cells?

Answer 1

3

Question 2

What are the three allelic forms?

Answer 2

Ia, Ib, Io

Question 3

Which blood group allele is recessive?

Answer 3

Io,

Question 4

Which blood groups are present?

Answer 4

A, B, AB, O

Question 5

Which type of antibodies is present within the blood that detects self-blood antigens?

Answer 5

The antibodies have immunoglobulin variable regions specific to antibodies that are not present on the self-erythrocyte.

Question 6

Which type of antibody activates complement?

Answer 6

IgM

Question 7

How are A and B antigens?

Answer 7

Formed by the addition of one or other sugar residue onto a common glycoprotein and fucose stem (H antigen)

Question 8

What is the structure of Group O erythrocytes?

Answer 8

Contains neither A or B sugars- H stem is only present

Question 9

Which molecule is added to the H antigen? (A group)

Answer 9

N-acetyl galactosamine

Question 10

Which molecule is added to the H antigen? (B group)

Answer 10

Galactose

Question 11

What is the genotype for the A antigen?

Answer 11

AA, OA

Question 12

What is the genotype for the B antigen?

Answer 12

BB, OB

Question 13

What are anti-antibodies?

Answer 13

Associate and bind onto the respective immunoglobulin molecules within the cell surface membrane, resulting in cellular agglutination

Question 14

What is Rh factor?

Answer 14

Rhesus factor is an inherited protein located on the cell surface membrane of erythrocytes.

Question 15

What Rh positive?

Answer 15

Presence of protein

Question 16

What is Rh-negative?

Answer 16

Lack of protein

Question 17

What is the most common Rh protein?

Answer 17

D

Question 18

What does the D gene encode?

Answer 18

Encodes for the D antigen on the erythrocyte surface

Question 19

What does the d gene encode?

Answer 19

d gene encodes for no antigens

Question 20

What is the genotype of RhD negative?

Answer 20

dd

Question 21

What is the genotype of RhD positive?

Answer 21

Dd DD

Question 22

What anti-D antibodies?

Answer 22

Synthesized by individuals unable to present RhD antigen, only after they are exposed to the antigen.

Question 23

What circumstance are anti-D antibodies present?

Answer 23

Upon exposure to the D antigen, transfusion of RhD positive blood
RhD positive fetus

Question 24

What type of antibody is anti-D?

Answer 24

IgG class antibodies

Question 25

What are the issues associated with the transfusion of RhD positive with an RhD negative patient?

Answer 25

Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction with anemia

Question 26

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Answer 26

RhD negative mother has anti-D subsequent pregnancies involved RhD positive mothers, results in IgG anti-D antibodies crossing the placenta, attach to positive RhD positive fetal red blood cells, resulting in hemolysis of fetal cells

Question 27

What is the aim to treat RhD negative patients?

Answer 27

Transfuse blood of the same RhD group

Question 28

Which is the most useful blood group?

Answer 28

Group O negative (RhD negative)- when the patient blood group is not known.

Question 29

What is antibody screening?

Answer 29

Patient screened to exclude any clinically significant immune antibodies

Question 30

What is the screened plasma incubated with?

Answer 30

2 or 3 different fully typed screening red cells

Question 31

What have fully typed screening cells?

Answer 31

Contains all group antigens

Question 32

What is a negative result?

Answer 32

Any donor blood (ABO & RhD compatible) provided

Question 33

What is a positive result?

Answer 33

Antibody identified using large panel of red cells, donor units of blood lack corresponding blood antigen are chosen for cross-referencing with recipient plasma prior to transfusion

Question 34

How is blood tested for ABO group?

Answer 34

Test with anti-A and Anti-B antibodies | Test with anti-D reagent

Question 35

Which is the age group for donor selection?

Answer 35

17-70 years

Question 36

Which groups of donors are excluded from blood donors?

Answer 36

Bloodborne diseases (Risk of bacterial, viral or parasitic infections, or drugs)

Question 37

What is the window period of disease?

Answer 37

Individuals have pathogen however do not present symptoms or detection

Question 38

What is prion proteins?

Answer 38

Lymphocyte membranes and platelets; prions of variant CJD diease are found in lymphoreitcular tissues cjd transmitted by transfusions of blood or blood products in humans, developmentof vCJD

Question 39

How much volume of blood is collected from donor into sterile plastic back?

Answer 39

450ml

Question 40

What is added to the blood packets?

Answer 40

Anti-coagulant

Question 41

What is present within the blood packets?

Answer 41

platelets, red cells, and factor VIII

Question 42

What is component therapy?

Answer 42

Transfusing units of red cells, conducted by centrifuing, apply pressure to each layer, separating the relevant blood units.

Question 43

What is one blood unit?

Answer 43

Whole blood-derived from one single blood donation

Question 44

What is packed with red cells?

Answer 44

SAGM (Saline, adenine, glucose, mannitol), fliod plasma removed,

Question 45

How long is the shelf-life for red cells?

Answer 45

5 weeks

Question 46

What temperature are red cells stored at?

Answer 46

4 degrees C

Question 47

What is a blood giving set?

Answer 47

Has filter to remove debris

Question 48

Which storage form of plasma is stored at -30degrees c?

Answer 48

Fresh frozen plasma

Question 49

What is the volume of fresh frozen plasma?

Answer 49

300ml unit

Question 50

What time period is associated with the freezing of plasma upon donation?

Answer 50

6 hours

Question 51

What is the purpose of the 6 hour time gap?

Answer 51

Preservation of coagulation factors

Question 52

What is the shelf-life of fresh frozen plasma?

Answer 52

3 years

Question 53

What action is required before the administration of fresh frozen plasma?

Answer 53

Thawing

Question 54

Why should FFP be frozen immediately?

Answer 54

To prevent coagulation factor degeneration at room temperature

Question 55

What is the purpose of FFP?

Answer 55

Used as a replacement fluid in plasma exchange as well as supplying clotting factors

Question 56

What is cryoprecipitate?

Answer 56

Prepared from plasma, contains fibrinogen, VWF, VIII, XIII, and fibronectin

Question 57

What is the thawing temperature for cryoprecipitate?

Answer 57

4-8 degrees

Question 58

What is the cryoprecipitate shelf-life?

Answer 58

3 years

Question 59

Why is cryoprecipitate?

Answer 59

Fibrinogen low and patients with excessive bleeding

Question 60

What is the platelet concentrates?

Answer 60

Pooled platelets:

Question 61

What are intramuscular injections?

Answer 61

Administered into muscle