Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

POM (Principles of Medicine) > Blood cell abnormalities > Flashcards

Blood cell abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Anaemia concerns the reduction in the amount of haemoglobin present in a given volume of blood, below the expected range in comparison to a healthy adult of same age & gender

Reduction and absolute deficiency of haemoglobin in circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What parameters does anaemia reduce?

A

Red blood cell count

HCT/PCV (Hematocrit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the primary cause of anaemia in a healthy individual?

A

Increased plasma volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the mechanisms of anaemia?

A

Reduced production of erythrocyte/haemoglobin in the bone marrow
Removal of blood
Reduced lifespan of circulating erythrocytes
Pooling of erythrocytes in spleen (Splenomegaly)
Iron deficiency, reduced synthesis of haem/globin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

An inherited genetic condition resulting in reduced globin synthesis, resulting in malformed erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of microcytic anaemia is common?

A

Hypochromia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is hypochromia?

A

Low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), haemoglobin content within an individual cell is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two examples of hypochromic erythrocytes?

A

Target cells

Elliptocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is microcytic anaemia?

A

Hypochromic, relatively smaller erythrocyte; larger area of central pallor as a result of reduced haemoglobin content. Concerns a reduction in erythrocyte count, cells have reduced size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the causes of microcytic anaemia (3)?

A

Iron deficiency (haemoglobin synthesis is reduced, ferrous iron is required for haem group) insufficient ferritin
Anaemia of chronic disease
Thalassemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

An insufficiency of what molecule contributes towards microcytic anemia?

A

Ferritin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does ferritin insufficiency contribute towards microcytic anaemia?

A

Ferritin insufficiency causes reduced iron storage capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

Defect in alpha and beta chain synthesis (Dysfunctional and malformed RBCs are haemolysed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the causes of iron deficiency?

A

Hookworm infection (primary cause)
Menorrhagia
Insufficient intake- Vegans, coeliac disease (Malabsorption)
Increased requirements: Physiological (pregnancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why does Hookwork infection cause iron deficiency?

A

Adult hookworms rupture erythrocytes through ingestion of blood, contributing towards hemoglobin degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why does menorrhagia cause iron deficiency?

A

Reduces the number of circulating RBCs, thereby hemoglobin concentration and content declines, iron deficiency is attributed towards the increased synthesis of haemoglobin since hemosiderin and ferritin is used to combat blood loss = DEPLETES iron storage molecules = iron levels decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of iron storage molecules?

A

Hemosiderin and ferritin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency?

A

Pale skin

Weakness & fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the primary female risk factor for iron deficiency?

A

Heavy menstrual periods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which two diets contribute to iron deficiency?

A

Vegan & Vegetarian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why does coeliac disease cause iron deficiency?

A

Gluten-induced enteropathy
Gluten-derived peptides bind to HLA-DQ2 molecules (Intestinal CD4 T cells); causes a cytotoxic response, damages enterocytes and reduces absorption ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which bacteria cause chronic malabsorption?

A

H pyloric gastritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does H pyloric gastritis cause malabsorption?

A

Mucinase enzymes secreted, hydrolyzes mucosal epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is macrocytic anemia?

A

Concerns that of which the average erythrocyte size has increased.
Macrocytic anaemia result from abnormal hemopoiesis whereby red cell precursors (reticulocytes and proerythroblasts) continue to synthesise haemoglobin and cellular proteins, however aberrantly deivide. Red cells result in larger morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the main cause of macrocytic anaemia?
Megaloblastic erythropoiesis
26
What is megaloblastic erythropoiesis?
Delayed maturation of the nucleus whilst the cytoplasm continues to grow and mature (nucleocytoplasmic dissociation). Defect in DNA synthesis interferes with cellular prolifeation and maturation
27
What causes megaloblast anaemia?
Abnormal none marrow erythroblast B12 or foalte deficiency, inhibition of homocysteine conversion to methionine. Liver disease and ethanol toxicity Blood loss Haemolytic anaemia (reticulocytes increased)
28
Which anaemia concerns the deficiency in erythrocytes, presence of normal-sized RBCs?
Normocytic
29
What are the mechanisms of normocytic anaemia?
Recent blood loss Failure of erythrocyte production Splenic sequestration -Hypersplenism in liver cirrhosis, and SCA
30
What is polycythemia?
Abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in blood, either through reduced plasma volume or increase in circulating erythrocyte number
31
What RBC parameters increase during polycythemia?
Red blood cell count | Haematocrit
32
What is pseudo polycythemia?
Reduced plasma volume
33
What is true polycythemia?
Increase in total volume of red blood cells in circulation
34
What are the causations of polycythemia (4)?
1) Blood doping/ over transfusion 2) Appropriately increased erythropoietin 3) Inappropriate erythropoietin synthesis or use 4) Independent of erythropoietin
35
What is appropriately increased ept?
Appropriate to physiological needs of individuals (hypoxia, high altitudes).
36
What is a physical indication of hypoxia?
Cyanosis
37
What is Inappropriate erythropoietin synthesis or use
Polycythaemia from an erythripoietin-secreting renal tumour
38
Which variation of polycythemia is independent of ept?
Polycytemia vera
39
What is polycythemia vera?
Intrinsic bone marrow disorder Classified as a myeloproliferative neoplasm. Mutation in HSC.
40
What pathologies can polycythemia vera contribute towards?
Hyperviscosity, vascular obstruction
41
How can hyperviscosity attribute to polycythemia be treated?
Venesection (removal of blood) + drugs to reduce bone marrow production
42
What is leukaemia?
Neoplasm or cancer arising as a result of a mutation in a precursor of myeloid or lymphoid cells. The proliferation of these precursors Myeloid includes precursors of granulocyte, monocyte and erythroid lineages
43
Which types of mutations causes the clonal expansion of myeloid/lymphoid precursors?
Proto-oncogenes | Inhibition of tumor suppressor genes
44
What are causes of oncogene mutations?
``` Point mutations; internal tandem duplications of genes, Fusion of genes Dyregulation (gene comes under control or promoter or enhance of another gene) Somatic hypermutation upon translocation ```
45
What is the hallmark of leukemia?
Growth without dependence on growth factors continued proliferation without maturation. Resists apoptosis and cell death
46
What are the two main types of leukemia?
Acute | Chronic
47
What is acute leukemia?
Characteristically sudden, progresses rapidly | Immature cells, immediate pathological effect
48
What is chronic leukemia?
Comparatively less impairment of the function of normal tissues eventually leads to death, has prolonged effect
49
What are the 3 lineages of lymphoid leukemia?
NK, B and T cell
50
What are the 4 lineages of myeloid leukemia?
Granulocytic, monocytic, erythroid and megakaryocytic
51
What are the four main categories of leukemia (2 chronic and 2 acute)?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Acute myeloid leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic myeloid leukemia
52
What are the 5 mutations that cause leukemia?
``` Protooncogenes Chimeric fusion genes Loss of function genes Dysregulation when translocation brings it under the influence of a promoter/enhancer Chromosomal breaks ```
53
What are the 4 causes of leukemogenic mutations?
Irradiation Anit-cancer drugs Cigarette smoking Chemical agents
54
Why does Benzene influence leukemia?
Benzene metabolites and intermediaries result in bone marrow suppression.
55
What type of disease is leukemia?
Acquired genetic disease resulting from somatic mutation
56
What type of cell accumulates within the bone marrow and circulation for acute leukemia?
Myeloblasts | Continued proliferation but unable to undergo maturation
57
What failure is caused by acute leukemia?
Failure of production of normal functioning end cells. Including neutrophils, monocytes, eyrhthrocytes and platelets
58
Which type of mutation confers for acute myeloid leukemia?
Transcription factors, transcription of multiple genes affected. Product of oncogene prevents the normal function of the protein encoded by its normal homologu
59
Which type of mutation confers for chronic myeloid leukemia?
Affects genes encoding a protein in the signaling pathway between a cell surface receptor and the nucleus Protein encoded membrane receptor or cytoplasmic protein
60
What are the cellular functional difference between CML and AML?
Cell kinetics and function not significantly affected in comparison to AML
61
Why do the myeloid cells have a long-circulating lifespan (CML)?
Independent of external signals, alterations in the interaction with stroma, reduced apoptosis,
62
What is the main difference between AML and CML?
AML failure production of end cells | CML increased production of end cells
63
What is acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
Has an increase in lymphoblasts (Immature lymphoid cells), with the inhibition to develop into mature lymphocytes
64
What is chronic lymphoid leukemia?
The leukemic cells are mature, however abnormal t,b, NK cells
65
What are the pathophysiologies of leukemia concerned with abnormal cells?
Leucocytosis, Bone pain (acute) Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly Lymphadenopathy (lymphoid), thymic enlargement (t LYMPHOID)
66
What pathophysiologies are concerned with lack of production of normal cells?
Anaemia Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia.
67
What type of mutation is primary for CML?
A reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22
68
What is the chimeric gene formed from the 9-22 reciprocal translocation in CML?
BCR-ABL1
69
What is a reciprocal translocation?
Occurs between non-homologous chromosome segments of a chromatid, rearrange and rejoint to another chromosome.
70
What is the effect of the BCR-ABL1 gene?
Provides survival advantage and cell growth = leukemic clone. It contains molecular instruction, elevates tyrosine kinase proteins, intracellular signaling via transcription factors and secondary messengers in the cell cycle. Uncontrolled proliferation
71
What types of cells increase during CML?
Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils and their precursors | Anaemia
72
What is splenomegaly and why does it occur?
Enlarged spleen and increased hemolysis of aberrant erythrocytes.
73
What is the treatment of CML?
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, leading to remission and potentially cure of disease
74
What are the clinical features of ALL?
``` Fatigue Lethargy Pallor (Anaemia) Bruising (Thrombocytopenia) Petechiae Bone pain Abdominal enlargement ```
75
What do chest radiographs depict for ALL?
Thymus enlargement
76
What does an abdominal imaging show?
Hepatomegaly and gross renal enlargement
77
What are the pathological effects of clonal expansion in ALL?
``` leucocytosis with lymphoblasts in blood Anaemia Thrombocytopenia Neutropenia Lymphadenopathy Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and thymus enlargement ```
78
What are the benefits of cytogenic molecular analysis?
Provides information to the individual patient regarding progression or susceptibility of LEUKEMIA, PROGNOSIS
79
What is hyperdiploidy?
Additional chromosomal copies - good prognosis
80
What is a poor prognosis?
Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes
81
What are the 4 principles of treatment?
Blood products Systemic chemotherapy Intrathecal chemotherapy Bone marrow transplantation
82
When is a bone marrow transplantation needed?
For a poor prognosis of leukemia
83
What is blood product treatment?
Supply of rbc and platelet to correct the effect of bone marrow failure Antibiotics administered
84
Why is a supportive therapy of antibiotics administered for leukemia?
To compensate for the presented infection risk due to neutropenia
85
What is systemic chemotherapy?
targeted killing of leukemia clones permits normal cells to regenerate
86
What is intrathecal chemotherapy?
Destroys small number of leukemic cells in CSF. Untreated will lead to relapse High doses bass BBB into CSF

POM (Principles of Medicine) (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions