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POM (Principles of Medicine) > Red cells > Flashcards

Red cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

Production of erythrocytes, platelets, megakaryocytic and leukocytes

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2
Q

What substance influences the production of erythrocytes?

A

Erythropoietin

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3
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Basophils, neutrophils, eoisinophils

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4
Q

What factors stimulate granulocyte formation?

A

Granulocyte cologne stimulating factors (G-CSF);

GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor)

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5
Q

What factor stimulates platelet formation?

A

Thrombopoietin

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6
Q

What cells are multipotent?

A

Myeloid progenitor cells

Lymphoid progenitor cells

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7
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Oxygen transport

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8
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Inflammation, phagocytosis of pathogens

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9
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Defence against parasitic infection?

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10
Q

What is the function of platelet?

A

Haemostasis

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11
Q

What is WBC?

A

White blood count, number of white blood cells in a given volume

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12
Q

What is RBC?

A

Number of red blood cells in a given volume

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13
Q

What is Hb?

A

Haemoglobin concentration

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14
Q

What is Pcv?

A

Mean packed volume proportion of centrifuged blood occupied by red cells

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15
Q

What is Hct?

A

Haematocrit, equivalent to PCV

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16
Q

What is MCV?

A

Men cell volume, the average size of red cells

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17
Q

What is MCH?

A

Mean cell haemoglobin, average amount of haemoglobin in a red cell

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18
Q

What is MCHC?

A

Mean cell haemoglobin concentration, the average concentration of haemoglobin in red cell

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19
Q

What is platelet count?

A

The number of platelets in a given volume of blood

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20
Q

What do myeloid progenitor cells give rise to during erythropoiesis?

A

Proerythroblasts –> erythroblasts –> eryhthrocytes

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21
Q

In respinse to cellular hypoxia , which hormone is released to stimulate erythropoeisis?

A

Erythropoeitin

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22
Q

Where is erythropoietin synthesised and released from?

A

Kidney

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23
Q

What other hormone stimulates release of erythropoietin?

A

Testosterone

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24
Q

Which cells secrete erythropoietin?

A

Juxtatubular cell association with the particular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule

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25
Which factors stimulates the synthesis of erythropoietin?
Hypoxia-inudicble factors
26
Which receptors does erythropoeitin bind onto?
Epo receptors
27
What proteins carry oxygen in RBCs?
Haemoglobin
28
How is the prophetic haem group arranged?
Haem group is bound to ferrous group held in porphyrin ring
29
What are the adaptations of RBCs?
Thin cell membranes reduces diffusion pathway for oxygen molecules No nucleus: Maximum storage capacity of Hb Biconcave shape: Increases SA:V ratio
30
What is the structure of haemoglobin?
Conjugated globular protein with quaternary structure of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains. Each chain is arranged around a haem group. primary structure: Pseudo-repeating sequence of amino a
31
Why are haemoglobin molecules soluble?
Hydrophillic and hydrophobic interactions , polarised amino acid variable groups exposed externally, potential to form hydrogen bonds with water,
32
Why is Hb Susceptible too denaturation?
No covalent or disulphide bonding between chains, therefore weakly linked.
33
How does haemoglobin bind to oxygen?
Iron enables haemoglobin to bind and release oxygen molecules, changing shape to the polypeptide chains (conformational change).
34
What form of iron is absorbed in duodenum?
Ferrous (Fe2+)
35
What form is non-haem iron presented in?
Ferric (Fe3+)
36
What reducing substances convert ferric iron to ferrous?
Vitamin c, ascorbic acid
37
Which molecules reduce absorption of iron?
Phytates
38
Why is excess iron toxic?
Free radicals , no physiological excretion of iron
39
What molecules does hepcidin bind onto?
Ferroportin (Iron export protein)
40
What is ferroportin?
Iron export protein
41
What happens to ferroportin upon hepicidin binding?
Internalisation of ferroportin, ferrous iron is thereby sequestered within the enterocyte prevents efflux of iron
42
Where does hepicidin act?
Gut, enterocytes
43
How is hepcidin synthesis suppressed?
Erythropoietic activity, ensuring iron supply by increasing ferroportin in the duodenum enterocyte (maximising iron absorption)
44
What happens to hepcidin synthesis during elevated iron levels?
Increases hepcidin synthesis, therefore iron sequestration increases, ferroportin degrades
45
What is the role of macrophages in iron regulation?
Macrophages release iron that recycle in the spleen; dietary absorption in the duodenum, releases iron from storage in hepatocytes
46
How is hepcidin influenced during inflammation?
Hepcidin production is stimulated, and iron entry into plasma is inhibited causes hypoferrenia and anaemia
47
How is iron reduced to Fe2+?
Duodenal cytochrome b binds to divalent metal transporter on apical membrane.
48
how is iron stored?
Iron is stored as ferritin or oxidised
49
How is iron delivered to the bone marrow?
Plasma iron bound to transferrin
50
What is the function of b12 and folate?
Necessary for the synthesis of thymidine, thus deficiency will result in the inhibition of DNA synthesis
51
Why do erythroblasts require B12 & folate?
Required for proliferation during differentiation
52
What happens during b12 and folate deficiency?
Inhibits purine and thymidylate syntheses, impairs dan synthesis and causes erythroblast apoptosis
53
What condition occurs during b12 deficiency?
Megaloblastic erythropoiesis, macrocytosis
54
What is the purpose of B12?
Cofactor for the conversion of methyl-malonyl Coa to succinylcholine CoA
55
How is B12 absorbed?
Hydrochloric stomach acid releases B12 B12 combines with haptocorrin, cleaved by and bound to instrinsic factor B12-IF Complex traverses into the small intestine, binds to ileum receptors Taken up by enterocyte and bound to trans cobalamin-II
56
What molecule does B12 combine with within the stomach?
Haptocorrin
57
What molecule cleaves haptocorrin?
Intrinsic factor
58
What cells secrete Intrinsic factor?
Gastric parietal cells
59
How is b12-IF complex taken up?
By enterocyte
60
how is b12 stored in the liver and transported?
Transcobalamin-II
61
Where is folate absorbed?
Duodenum & Jejunum
62
What are the causes for vitamin B12 deficiency?
Inadequate intake of sources containing B12 (Veganism) Lack of stomach acid (Achlorhydria) Inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor Malabsorption
63
How are erythrocytes destroyed?
Phagocytic cells of the spleen; phagocytic vacuole envelops ingested RBC, lysosome hydrolytic ally digests cell into haem and globin components
64
What are phagocytic cells of the spleen named as?
Splenic reticuloendothelial macrophages
65
What is the fate of globin?
Hydrolysed into amino acids, and returned to bone marrow for erythropoiesis
66
What is transferrin?
Iron binding glycoproteins and is transported to the bone marrow to be incorporated into the synthesis of erythrocytes
67
What are the two iron storage molecules?
Ferritin and hemosiderin
68
What is the fate of the non-iron portion of haem?
Biliverdin converted into bilirubin, binds to albumin and travers to liver to produce bile
69
What happens to circulating bilirubin?
Kidneys remove and secrete into urine
70
What is microcytic anaemia?
RBC are comparatively smaller than the standard, anaemia with the small red cells (Microcytosis)
71
What is normocytic anaemia?
RBC normal in size, anaemia
72
What is macrocytosis?
Anaemia with cells larger than standard
73
What is hypochromia?
Cells have larger area of central pallor than normal, due to lower haemoglobin content and concentration; flatter cell
74
What is polychromatic?
Blue tinge associated to the cytosol of an erythrocyte, indicates young cell, polychromatic cells are larger than; cause of macrocytosis
75
What is reticulocytosis?
New methylene blue can be applied to reticulocytes, associated with high RNA content
76
What is anisocytosis?
Illustrates variation in size than the standard
77
What is poikilocytosis?
variation in shape
78
What are the different shapes in RBCs?
Spherocytes, irregularity contracted cells, sickle cells, target cells, ellioptocytes and fragments
79
What are target cells?
Accumulation of haemoglobin in the centre of the area of central pallor
80
What codon mutation is concerned with sickle cell?
Codon no/6, charged glutamic acid into uncharged valine

POM (Principles of Medicine) (34 decks)

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