Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

POM (Principles of Medicine) > Cell replication > Flashcards

Cell replication Flashcards

1
Q

What are the proteins involved in the formation of cytoskeleton elements?

A

Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
and microtubules (tubulins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the roles of an intracellular cytoskeleton?

A 
Maintains cell shape and structure
Transportation of organelles
Cellular division (kinetochore fibers and spindle contraction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What proteins comprise microtubules?

A

Alpha and beta tubulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are tubulins arranged in microtubules?

A

Helical configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is the helical configuration important in microtubules?

A

Enables the expansion and development of microtubules, additional tubules can be added or subsequently removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do microtubules originate from?

A

Microtubules originate from the microtubule organising centres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What major protein comprises microfilaments?

A

Actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments?

A

Proteins assist with the motility of organelles and cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are cilia and flagella arranged?

A

9 + 2 configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do microtubules assist with the movement of organelles?

A

Microtubules are associated with motor proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

An abnormal number of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In cancer cells, how is cell division unregulated?

A

Contact inhibition of growth does not occur, as tumor cells do not recognize adjacent cells thereby resulting in the continued proliferation of cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are examples of nuclear division?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is cell division?

A

Cell division involves the separation of cytoplasmic contents (cytokinesis) M phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is G1?

A

The chromosomes form long uncondensed threads wound onto histone, cell is metabolically active.
Protein synthesis occurs
Organelle production
Cytoplasmic volume increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the structure of the chromosome within the G-phase?

A

The chromosomes present are uncondensed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which proteins are associated with chromosomes?

A

Histone proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What occurs during the S-phase?

A

S phase is referred to as the synthesis phase whereby semi-conservative replication occurs within the nucleus/.
Histones are synthesised and attached to DNA
organelle synthesis: Mitochondria, centromere, golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are chromosomes structured within the S-phase?

A

Chromosomes are condensed and visible as sister chromatids attached to the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When is replicated DNA checked for errors and corrected?

A

G2 phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which phase during the cell cycle in which spindle proteins are produced?

A

G2 phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is M-phase?

A

Mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When is mitosis most vulnerable?

A

Irradiation, heat shock chemicals
DNA Damage cannot be repaired
Gene transcription silenced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
When is the decision point?
G1
26
When is the second decision point?
G2
27
What is the structure of centrioles?
Small hollow cylinders made of microtubules, made from the globular protein tubulin
28
Describe how centrioles arranged?
pairs at right angles to each other, forming a centrosome | Composed of 9 triplets of microtubules
29
What is a centrosome?
Mother and daughter centriole pair
30
What is the function of a centriole?
Involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division; producing a spindle
31
Which centriole do microtubules project from?
Elongate from mother centriole
32
What is chromatin?
The complex of DNA & Protein
33
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
34
What occurs during prophase 1?
Chromosome condensation occurs, chromosomes become visible as sister chromatids attached by the centromere and associated with kinetochore fibres
35
What occurs during prophase II?
Spindle formation, duplicated centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus, organize Assembly of spindle microtubules Asters form, radial microtubule array
36
Where do the radial arrays meet?
The radial arrays form a collection of polar microtubules at the spindle equator, collectively forming the spindle
37
What state are microtubules in?
Dynamic state
38
What is a dynamic state?
Constant arrangement and addition of tubulin molecules (polymerization and depolymerisation)
39
What occurs during prometaphase-I?
Nuclear envelope breaks down, releasing chromatids into the cytoplasm Nucleolus disappears, Spindle formation mainly complete
40
What is the role of kinetochore fibers?
Project from the centromere, interact with spindle microtubules, attachment of chromosomes to the spindle
41
What occurs during metaphase?
Microtubules from the opposite pole is captured by sister kinetochore. Contraction of spindle cause chromosomes to translocate towards the centre (spindle equator)
42
What is CENP-E?
Centromere protein E (Kinetochore tension sensing)
43
What occurs during anaphase?
Centromeres split, separating each sister chromatid Spindle contracts, pulling the chromatids centromere first towards the opposite pole Movement of chromatids caused by overlapping spindle fibres sliding past each other Spindle fibres lengthen and shorten depending on addition/removal of tubulin molecules ATP is used
44
What protein holds the sister chromatids together, and is subsequently broken down during anaphase?
Cohesin
45
What occurs during Anaphase-A?
Breakdown of cohesin, microtubules get shorter, and daughter chromosomes pulled towards opposite spindle poles
46
What occurs during Anaphase-B?
Daughter chromosomes migrate to poles, spindle poles migrate apart
47
What process occurs during telophase?
New nuclear envelope develops around the group of chromatids Formation fo two identical daughter nuclei Chromatids uncoil and lengthen into chromosomes Spindle fibers disintegrate, and formation of the nucleolus A contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments assembled
48
What happens to the chromatids during telophase?
Uncoil and lengthen, nucleolus reforms
49
What proceeds from telophase?
Cytokinesis occurs, division of cytoplasm
50
What forms at the equator of the cell during cytokinesis?
Cleavage furrow
51
How does the cleavage furrow split the cells into two?
Contractile ring
52
What are spindle assembly checkpoints?
Monitors the status of chromosome microtubule attachments, delays the onset of anaphase until the kinetochores have formed stable bipolar connections with the mitotic spindle
53
How do kinetochore fibres attach to the mitotic spindle?
Form stable bipolar connections
54
What protein comprises kinetochore fibres?
Centromere protein E (CENP-E) | BUB protein kinases bind onto kinetochore and dissociate once chromosomes are properly attached
55
Which kinases detects the correct attachment of chromatids to spindles?
BUB protein kinases
56
What is aneuploidy?
The mis-attachment of microtubules to kinetochore fibres resulting in abnormal number of chromosomes
57
Why does aneuploidy occur?
Defects in the mitotic spindle checkpoint facilitate tumorigenesis
58
Why does aberrant division occur?
Multipolar spindles, defects in chromosome cohesion, spindle attachment defects Impairment in spindle checkpoint
59
What is a cell-cycle arrest?
Stopping point within the cell cycle no longer involved in duplication or replication Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms that regulate proper cellular division Including DNA damage and insufficient cell size
60
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
61
What enzymes initiate
Initiator caspases
62
What phase do cells enter due to the absence of stimulus?
Quiescent phase
63
Which phase are differentiated phase predominantly in?
G0
64
What is the signaling cascade initial step?
Extracellular growth factor ligand binds to GF receptor,
65
What occurs after growth factor ligand binding to GF receptor?
Receptors pair up and behave as kinases, phosphate groups to intracellular molecules. Kinases RAF is activated RAF phosphorylates and activates MEK MEK phosphorylates ERKs
66
What is MEK?
Mitogen activated protein kinase
67
What are ERKs?
Extracellular regulated kinases
68
What do ERKs do?
Phosphorylate and activate variety of target molecules, transcription factors (C-myc)
69
What is C-myc?
Transcription factor
70
What is the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway?
Mitogen activated protein kinase cascade
71
What is a mitogen?
The signal that causes a cell to undergo mitosis or divide | Promotes the transition of G0 to G1
72
What is a CDK?
A cyclin-dependent kinase
73
What are CDKs?
Responsible for regulating the cell cycle, involved in regulating transcription, mRNA processing and nerve cell differentiation
74
What Cyclin gives direction and timing to the cycle?
Cyclin-E

POM (Principles of Medicine) (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions