White Blood Cell Disorders 2 Flashcards
What is the most common plasma cell cancer?
Multiply Myeloma (MM)
What age group is more commonly affected by multiple myeloma?
Older adults (average diagnosis at 70 years)
What gender and race are more likely to have multiple myeloma?
Males of African descent
What are the 3 overall features of MM?
1 osteolytic lesions
2 neurological issues
3 renal failure
What WBC condition presents with osteolytic “punched-out” lesions?
Multiple myeloma
The osteolytic lesions associated with MM lead to elevated serum levels of which mineral?
Calcium
What neurological symptoms can be caused by multiple myeloma?
Headache, dizziness, tinnitus, confusion
Detection of Bence-Jones proteins may be indicative of what condition?
Multiple myeloma
How is MM diagnosed?
Multifocal lytic lesions, Bence-Jones proteins in urine, M-spike on protein electrophoresis
What procedure confirms a MM diagnosis?
Marrow biopsy
What is the prognosis for MM?
Poor: average survival = 4-6 years
What is the treatment for MM?
Plasmapheresis and stem cell transplants
What is the most common site of an osteolytic lesions associated with multiple myeloma?
Vertebral column at 66% (can also be in ribs, skull, pelvis, femur, clavicle, or scapula)
TINY “punched-out” bony lesions of the cranium can be indicative of what condition but possibly confused with MM?
Hyperparathyroidism
What is the hallmark microscopic feature of Hodgkin lymphoma?
Reed-Sternberg cells (large cell with owl-eye nuclear appearance)
In what way is the lymphadenopathy of Hodgkin lymphoma similar to follicular lymphoma? How is it different?
Both are painless, but Hodgkin lymphoma presents with a single and isolated node
What are the symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma?
Fever, night sweats, anemia, cachexia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
What are the risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma?
Males ages 15-40 and over 55 Family history History of EBV infection (70%) Exposure to Agent Orange pesticide Immunosuppression
If Reed-Sternberg cells are seen under microscopy, what condition can be assumed?
Hodgkin lymphoma
What is the prognosis for Hodgkin lymphoma?
Favorable with chemotherapy and radiation
Radiation of Hodgkin lymphoma increased the risk of what types of secondary cancers?
Lung, melanoma, breast
Myeloid neoplasms most commonly affect what age group?
Adults
Myeloid neoplasms arise from transformed myeloblast which are what types of cells?
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, platelets
What are the three categories of myeloid neoplasms?
1 acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
2 myelodysplastic syndromes
3 chronic myeloproliferative disorders
What is the average age of diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia?
50
What is displaced by immature myeloblasts during acute myeloid leukemia?
Marrow
What important process is suppressed with acute myeloid leukemia?
Hematopoiesis
Acute myeloid leukemia may resemble which other condition?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Auer rods upon microscopy are associated with what condition?
Acute myeloid leukemia
What is a major feature of AML?
Pancytopenia
What is the prognosis for AML and what makes it worse?
Poor: 15-30% long term survival; worse with history of myelodysplastic syndromes
What conditions were previously known as “pre-leukemias”?
Myelodysplastic syndromes
What is the most common age range of diagnosis for myelodysplastic syndromes?
50-70 years
What happens with myelodysplstic syndromes?
Marrow fills with myeloblasts and the ability to differentiate cells is disordered
Why were myelodysplastic syndromes previously known as pre-leukemia?
40% of MDS will transform into AML
Megaloblasts (hypercellular marrow) seen in what condition will resemble megaloblastic anemia?
Myelodysplastic syndromes
What are risk factors for MDS?
Chemotherapy, irradiation, monosomy and trisomy