Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems Pathology II Final > Testis, Prostate, and Urinary Bladder > Flashcards

Testis, Prostate, and Urinary Bladder Flashcards

1
Q

When do the testicles usually descend from the pelvic region?

A

During the last 2 months of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is cryptorchidism usually bilateral or unilateral?

A

Unilateral (only 10% bilateral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When is a child diagnosed with cryptorchidism?

A

Age 1 year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common location for testicular halt in cryptorchidism?

A

High scrotal (60%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cryptorchidism is a risk for what kind of cancer?

A

Testicular cancer (3-5X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the name of the surgery done to treat cryptorchidism?

A

Orchiopexy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why does sterility occur in cryptorchidism?

A

Testicular atrophy occurs by age 5-6 years and can affect both the descended and/or undescended testicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the cause of cryptorchidism?

A

Most commonly idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What other things besides cryptorchidism can cause testicular atrophy?

A

Ischemia, trauma, irradiation, chemotherapy, increased estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What group of people is at an increased risk for testicular atrophy due to increased estrogen levels?

A

Alcoholics (also those with Klinefelter’s syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the testis?

A

Orchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the appearance of ejaculatory fluid in orchitis?

A

Bloody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is epididymitis most commonly unilateral or bilateral?

A

Unilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inflammation of the testis or epididymis commonly begins as what condition?

A

STIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What kinds of specific infections can lead to inflammation of the male genitalia?

A

Mumps virus (20%), tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the concern of orchitis development in adults with a mumps infection?

A

Tissue necrosis leading to sterility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does testicular torsion cause engorgement and acute pain?

A

Spermatic cord twisting blocks venous drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Testicular torsion must be untwisted within what time span to prevent infarction?

A

6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common age range for testicular torsion?

A

12-18 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What kind of deformity is usually the reason for testicular torsion development?

A

“Bell-clapper deformity” (increased mobility of the spermatic cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is neonatal testicular torsion associated with “bell-clapper deformity”?

A

No anatomical defect present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What fraction of testicular torsion cases spontaneously resolve?

A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the term for the enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum?

A

Varicocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the most common age for testicular neoplasia?

A

15-34 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the most common cancer of males aged 15-34 years old?

A

Testicular cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the prevalence of testicular cancer?

A

6 per 100,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are risk factors for testicular neoplasia?

A

Cryptorchidism, familial history, Caucasians, cancer in the contralateral testicle, gonadal dysgenesis or androgen insensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the term for the benign form of a testicular tumor?

A

Sex cord-stromal tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the term for malignant testicular tumors?

A

Germ cell tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sex cord-stromal tumors arise from what cells?

A

Sertoli (nurse) and Leydig (testosterone) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

From what do germ cell tumors of the testicular arise from?

A

Intratublar germ cell neoplasia (in situ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Failure of the testicle to descend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of testicular tumor makes up 95% of postpubertal testicular tumors?

A

Germ cell tumors (GCTs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the two types of germ cell tumors (testicles)?

A

Seminomas and nonseminomatous GCTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the age range for seminomas?

A

40-50 (slightly older)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What unique elevated blood marker is seen in those with a seminoma?

A

hCG (10%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the names of some nonseminomatous germ cell tumors?

A

Embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, teratoma, mixed tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of nonseminomatous germ cell tumor is seen at a young age of about 3 years?

A

Yolk sac tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which types of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors do not present with an elevated blood marker?

A

Embryonal carcinoma and teratoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In which type of nonseminomatous germ cell tumor do we see an elevated blood marker level of AFP?

A

Yolk sac tumor (90%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

100% of patients with what form of nonseminomatous germ cell tumor will have elevated hCG blood levels?

A

Choriocarcinoma

42
Q

What is the age range for a teratoma?

A

All ages

43
Q

Seminomas make up what percent of germ cell tumors?

A

50%

44
Q

Describe the lesion associated with seminomas.

A

Soft, well-demarcated, gray-white

45
Q

What cellular appearance of a seminoma is indicative of a favorable prognosis?

A

More organized, large round cells with distinct borders

46
Q

Which tumor is usually larger: yolk sac tumor or choriocarcinoma?

A

Yolk sac tumor (choriocarcinoma is usually a small mass)

47
Q

What type of tumor is made of all 3 germ cell layers?

A

Teratoma

48
Q

Which are more aggressive: seminomas or nonseminomatous germ cell tumors?

A

Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

49
Q

Radiation therapy is more effective for what type of cancer: seminomas or nonseminomatous germ cell tumors?

A

Seminomas (hence the more favorable prognosis)

50
Q

Which tend to be less likely to be palpable: seminomas or nonseminomatous germ cell tumors?

A

Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

51
Q

Where is the likely location of metastasis of nonseminomatous GCTs?

A

Liver and lungs (both lymphatic and hematogenous)

52
Q

Are the tumors of testicular cancer usually painful or painless?

A

Painless

53
Q

What is the treatment for assumed malignancy of a testicular tumor?

A

Radical orchiectomy

54
Q

What kind of pain can be felt in the groin and abdomen with a testicular tumor?

A

Dull ache (referred pain)

55
Q

What tissues make up the prostate gland?

A

Glandular, fibrous, and smooth muscle

56
Q

What structure does the transitional zone of the prostate surround?

A

Urethra

57
Q

What zone of the prostate is more susceptible to carcinomas?

A

Peripheral zone

58
Q

Which zone of the prostate is more susceptible to hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

Transitional zone

59
Q

Which more common: bacterial prostatitis or chronic nonbacterial prostatitis?

A

Chronic nonbacterial (90-95%)

60
Q

Those with recurrent UTIs are more at risk for what kind of prostatitis?

A

Chronic bacterial

61
Q

What are some symptoms of chronic bacterial prostatitis?

A

Low back pain, pelvic pain, dysuria, bacteremia

62
Q

What are other names for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis?

A

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome or prostatodynia

63
Q

When asymptomatic, what incidental finding can be seen with those with prostatitis?

A

Leukocytes in prostatic secretions

64
Q

Does benign prostatic hyperplasia involve hypertrophy?

A

NO NO NO

65
Q

The hyperplasia involved with benign prostatic hyperplasia is dependent upon what substance?

A

Dihydrotestosterone (androgen)

66
Q

What is the usual age of onset for BPH?

A

Over the age of 40 (90% of male over 70 will develop it)

67
Q

What is the characteristic symptom of BPH?

A

Difficulty starting and maintaining stream of urine

68
Q

What is the treatment for BPH?

A

TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate), smooth muscle relaxants

69
Q

What are the side effects of TURP used to treat BPH?

A

Urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction

70
Q

What is the number one most common cancer in men?

A

Carcinoma of the prostate

71
Q

Is prostate cancer the number one cancer causing death in males?

A

No, lung cancer

72
Q

Is prostate cancer more commonly aggressive or indolent?

A

Indolent (“lazy”, non-aggressive)

73
Q

About 100% of prostate cancer involves what kind of tumor?

A

Adenocarcinoma

74
Q

70-80% of prostate carcinomas are found in what zone of the prostate?

A

Peripheral zone

75
Q

What is the most common age range for prostate cancer?

A

65-75 years (but risk starts over 50)

76
Q

What race is more at risk for developing prostate cancer?

A

African descent

77
Q

What elevated protein enzyme is seen with prostate cancer?

A

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

78
Q

What are risk factors for prostate cancer?

A

Mutation, increased androgens, African descent, over the age of 50

79
Q

Is the PSA level specific to cancer?

A

No; elevated in all prostate conditions, therefore a biopsy is needed

80
Q

Does prostate cancer require dedicated management?

A

No because of its indolent nature

81
Q

What are some adverse effects seen following treatment for prostate cancer?

A

Erectile dysfunction, incontinence

82
Q

What is the most common location of osteoblastic metastasis of prostate cancer?

A

Axial skeleton

83
Q

What kinds of things can artificially elevate PSA levels and bring in a false positive test for prostate cancer?

A

BPH, prostatitis, recent ejaculation

84
Q

What is the number one most common cause of elevated PSA levels?

A

BPH (already such a common condition, especially compared to cancer)

85
Q

Ivory vertebra is seen among what conditions?

A

Prostate cancer, Paget’s disease, and lymphoma

86
Q

What is the treatment for prostate cancer?

A

Prostatectomy, radiation therapy, anti-androgen therapy (orchiectomy)

87
Q

What condition is present with an excessive accumulation of urine in the kidney due to the obstruction of where they kidney meets the ureter?

A

Hydronephrosis

88
Q

What population is usually affected by hydronephrosis?

A

Male infants and young children

89
Q

What kind of pain is associated with a kidney stone?

A

Severe, intermittent flank pain

90
Q

What is the clinical term for a kidney stone?

A

Renal calculus

91
Q

How long does it take a renal calculus to pass?

A

Within 4 weeks

92
Q

What is the treatment for kidney stones?

A

Lithotripsy

93
Q

What is the gender bias for the development of renal canaliculi?

A

Males

94
Q

What is the term for urinary bladder inflammation?

A

Cystitis

95
Q

What would be a common cause of diverticula in the urinary bladder in males?

A

BPH

96
Q

What is the most common size of urinary bladder diverticula and are they usually symptomatic or asymptomatic?

A

Small and asymptomatic

97
Q

What is the most common type of urinary bladder cancer?

A

Urothelial carcinoma (90%)

98
Q

What kind of infection is associated with a squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder making up 3-7% of all cases?

A

Schistosoma infection (Egypt)

99
Q

What are the risk factors for the development of urinary bladder cancer?

A 
1 male
2 urban environments
3 age 50-80
4 chronic bladder irritation
5 smoking
6 occupational carcinogens
100
Q

Is urinary bladder cancer hereditary?

A

NO (TP53 mutation)

101
Q

What is the hallmark feature of bladder cancer?

A

Painless hematuria

Systems Pathology II Final (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions