Penis and STDs Flashcards
What is the most common type of penis malformation?
Hypospadias (ventral surface/underside)
What is the term for an abnormal urethral orifice located on the dorsal surface of the penis?
Epispadias
Which is more common: epispadias or hypospadias?
Hypospadias
Abnormal malformation of the urethral orifice of the penis can lead to what chronic issue?
Constriction/obstruction due to UTIs
What is the most common congenital abnormality of the male genitalia?
Malformation of the urethral orifice
What is the treatment for a malformed penile urethral orifice?
Reconstruction skin graft (prepuce)
What is the clinical term for an inflamed glans penis?
Balanitis
What is the clinical term for the foreskin of the penis?
Prepuce
What is the clinical term for inflammation of the foreskin?
Balanoposthitis
What is phimosis?
Inability to retract prepuce that leads to scarring
What is the term for the sluffed epithelial cells that can cause inflammation of the penis?
Smegma
Is phimosis most commonly congenital or acquired?
Acquired
What conditions put an individual at risk for phimosis or paraphimosis?
1 poor hygiene
2 uncircumcised
What is paraphimosis?
Entrapment of a retracted foreskin behind the coronal sulcus
What is the most common type of penile neoplasm?
Squamous cell carcinomas (95%)
What are the risks for penile squamous cell carcinomas?
1 over 40 years 2 uncircumcised 3 poor hygiene 4 HPV 16/18 5 AIDS or smoking
What is another name for penile squamous cell carcinoma in situ?
Bowen disease
Which type of penile SCC presents as a solitary lesion on the shaft?
SCC in situ
How does invasive penile SCC present differently from SCC in situ?
Gray, crusted and raised lesion on either the glans or prepuce with irregular borders and possible ulceration
What would be the most likely mechanism of metastasis of a penile SCC?
Lymphatics
What is the treatment for penile SCC?
Partial or total penectomy
What is the most common type of scrotal neoplasm?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the term for an increase of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum?
Hydrocele
What is the most common cause of scrotal enlargement?
Hydrocele
How is a hydrocele of the scrotum diagnosed?
Transluminescence
What makes up a hematocele of the scrotum?
Blood
What makes up a chylocele of the scrotum?
Lymph
What would be the condition resulting in a chylocele of the scrotum?
Filariasis (aka elephantiasis)
What pathogen is responsible for lympathic filariasis aka elephantiasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti
How is lymphatic filariasis transmitted?
Flies, mosquitos, arthropods
What is another name for sexually transmitted diseases?
Venereal diseases
What are the two most common venereal diseases in the U.S.?
1 genital herpes
2 HPV
What pathogen is responsible for syphilis?
Treponema pallidium
What race is more at risk of syphilis?
African Americans (30X)
A chancre is a clinical feature of which STD?
Syphilis
What are the most common locations of a chancre from syphilis?
Penis, vagina, cervix
Palmar rash, lymphadenopathy, and condyloma latum are seen in which stage of syphilis?
Secondary
What clinical signs are seen in the tertiary stage of syphilis?
Neurosyphilis, aortitis, gummas
What is the major issue with congenital syphilis?
40% result in late abortion or stillbirth
During what stage of syphilis does the painless chancre occur?
Primary
Where can we see gummas from syphilis on the body?
Bone, skin, airways
How is congenital syphilis prevented?
Mandatory screening
What are some of the effects on the fetus from congenital syphilis resulting in stillbirth?
Dysplastic bony changes, hepatomegaly, pancreatic fibrosis, pneumonitis, endarteritis
What body systems are affected by infantile syphilis?
Cutaneous, visceral, skeletal
What body systems/areas are affected by congenital tardive (late, usually after 2 years of age) syphilis?
Facial, dental, skeletal/periosteal
What is the classic periosteal sign seen with congenital syphilis?
“Saber shin” due to periostitis
What unique deformity of the face is common to congenital syphilis?
Saddle nose deformity
What unique teeth deformations are associated with congenital syphilis?
Hutchinson’s teeth (spaced and notched) and/or mulberry molars
What is the second most common reportable STD?
Gonorrhea
What pathogen is responsible for gonorrhea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the classic sign of gonorrhea?
Purulent urethral discharge
What long term issue in females can cause sterility from a gonorrheal infection?
Scarring of the fallopian tubes (from salpingitis)
Which genders presents with more obvious signs and symptoms of gonorrhea?
Males
What gender is more likely to have a disseminated gonorrheal infection?
Females (3% of cases are disseminated)
Disseminated gonorrheal infections can lead to what conditions?
Tenosynovitis, arthritis, hemorrhagic skin lesions (rarely: endocarditis and meningitis)
How is sterility caused by gonorrheal infections in males?
Orchitis
What transcervical infection can be passed on to an infant that is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Neonatal conjunctivitis
What is a unique feature seen under microscopy of the urethral discharge of a gonorrhea infection?
Intracellular diplococci
What is another term for neonatal conjunctivitis?
Ophthalmia neonatorum
What is the issue with ophthalmia neonatorum?
Risk for blindness
What type of pathogen is responsible for trichomoniasis?
Flagellated protozoan
What is unique about the symptoms seen with trichomoniasis compared to other STDs?
Females are more likely to be asymptomatic (vaginitis)
Describe the discharge associated with trichomoniasis.
Yellow/green, purulent, malodorous
What pathogen is responsible for chlamydia?
Chlamydia trachomatis
What is the most common bacterial STD in the U.S. and is reportable?
Chlamydia
Reactive arthritis (+HLA-B27) is associated with which STD and results in an inability to urinate?
Chlamydia
What pathogen is responsible for lymphogranuloma venereum?
Chlamydia trachomatis (serotypes)
What issue result from lymphogranuloma venereum?
Fibrosis and lymphatic obstruction
On what continents is lymphogranuloma venereum most commonly found?
Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean
What pathogen is responsible for a chancroid?
Haemophilus ducreyi
Which STD is associated with a painful ulceration? Painless?
Painful = chancroid Painless = primary stage of syphilis (chancre) OR granuloma inguinale
What population is associated with chancroids?
Prostitutes of Africa and southeastern Asia
Which STD is largely associated with HIV transmission?
Chancroid
What is another clinical term for granuloma inguinale?
Donovanosis
What pathogen is responsible for granuloma inguinale?
Klebsiella granulomatis
In what location is granuloma inguinale most commonly seen?
Tropics
If left untreated, what issue can arise from granuloma inguinale?
Lymphatic fibrosis/obstruction
What are the physical signs of granuloma inguinale?
Chronic inflammation and painless ulcerations
What is the clinical term for the general warts that appear in excess from an HPV infection?
Condylomata acuminata
Which strain of HPV is most commonly the cause of warts?
HPV-6 or HPV-11 (noncancerous)
What is the most common location of HPV warts?
Cervix or penis
How else can HPV infections be transmitted?
Transcervical or oropharyngeal transmission
