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Systems Pathology II Final > White Blood Cell Disorders 1 > Flashcards

White Blood Cell Disorders 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Leukocytes make up what percentage of the total blood volume?

A

1%

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2
Q

Where are leukocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

What is the average lifespan of white blood cells?

A

4 days

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4
Q

What are the terms that mean increased or decreased WBCs?

A 
Increased = leukocytosis
Decreased = leukopenia
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5
Q

What can cause leukocytosis?

A

Infection/inflammation, leukemia or lymphoma

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6
Q

What can cause leukopenia?

A

AIDS, corticosteroids

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7
Q

What is the most abundant granulocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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8
Q

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? Which are agranulocytes?

A 
Granulocytes = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes = monocytes and lymphocytes
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9
Q

Which type of WBC is associated with allergies and parasites?

A

Eosinophils

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10
Q

Which WBC is rare and prevents excessive clots?

A

Basophils

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11
Q

Which WBC turns into macrophages?

A

Monocytes

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12
Q

Which WBC is involved in adaptive immunity and has a nuclei that occupies most of the cell?

A

Lymphocyte

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13
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of reactive WBC disorders?

A

Microbial infections

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15
Q

What type of disorder makes up 40% of all childhood cancer related death?

A

Neoplastic WBC disorders (9% of adult)

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16
Q

What are the two types of WBC disorders?

A

Reactive (response to underlying disease) or neoplastic

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17
Q

What is the difference between neutropenia and agranulocytosis?

A

Neutropenia =

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18
Q

What things can cause neutropenia?

A

Metastasis to bone, infection like HIV, ADRs, autoimmune injury, granulomas, chemotherapy, corticosteroids

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19
Q

What pathogen is responsible for infectious mononucleosis?

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) aka Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4)

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20
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of mono?

A

Pharyngitis, fever, generalized lymphadenitis, splenomegaly, hepatitis

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21
Q

How long does it take for mono to self-resolve?

A

4-6 weeks

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22
Q

How is mono diagnosed?

A

Monospot test for EBV antibodies

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23
Q

Mono is a risk for later issue?

A

Various B cell malignancies (immunosuppression can add to the risk)

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24
Q

What is reactive lymphocytosis?

A

Infected and atypical B cells (12,000-18,000 cells/microliter)

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25
What is the shape of B cells under microscopy with mono?
Oval, large, irregular with folded/indented nuclei
26
When does mono usually infect people in developing countries? In already developed countries?
``` DevelopING = during childhood DevelopED = adolescence ```
27
Is mono during childhood in developing countries usually symptomatic or is mono during adolescence in developed countries usually symptomatic?
During adolescence in developed countries (example = US)
28
What percent of those exposed to EBV succumb to infection?
50%
29
How is mono most commonly spread?
Saliva
30
What is the nickname for mono?
"Kissing disease"
31
What pathogen is responsible for cat-scratch disease?
Bartonella henselae
32
Cat-scratch disease affects 90% of which age group?
Children
33
What sign is sign 2 weeks after scratch with cat-scratch disease?
Cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy
34
How is cat-scratch fever diagnosed and treated?
Diagnosed by presence of Bartonella antibodies | No treatment because it's self-limiting
35
Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas along with multiple myeloma are what kind of WBC conditions?
Lymphoid neoplasms
36
Acute myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and chronic myeloproliferative disorders are what kind of WBC conditions?
Myeloid neoplasms
37
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is what kind of WBC condition?
Histiocytic neoplasm
38
Which involves the marrow or blood: leukemia or lymph? Which involves lymphatic tissues?
``` Marrow/Blood = leukemia Lymphatics = lymphoma ```
39
What is the most common feature of acute leukemias?
Anemia (fatigue)
40
What are the two types of acute leukemias?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) | Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
41
Does acute lymphoblastic leukemia affect B or T cells?
BOTH!
42
Which is the most common type of tumor associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: pre-B cell or pre-T cell tumors?
Pre-B cell tumors
43
What type of leukemia makes up 80% of all pediatric leukemias?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
44
When is acute lymphoblastic leukemia most commonly diagnosed?
Age 4
45
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is diagnosed later (ages 15-20) when which lymphocyte is involved?
T cells
46
What type of ALL tumor is known as lymphoblastic lymphoma?
Pre-T cell tumors
47
What is the location for pre-B cell tumors? Pre-T cell?
Pre-B cell tumors = marrow/peripheral blood | Pre-T cell tumors = thymus
48
What is the efficacy rate of chemotherapy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
80% cured
49
Chemotherapy works best on acute lymphoblastic leukemia with what population?
Females ages 2-10 years
50
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia involves which lymphocytes?
B cells
51
What is the most common leukemia of adulthood?
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
52
What is the most common leukemia of pediatrics?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
53
What are the two types of chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
CLL = > 4,000 lymphocytes/microliter | Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) =
54
Which involves blood and which involves nodes: small lymphocytic lymphoma or CLL?
``` Blood = CLL Nodes = SLL ```
55
Which is more common: CLL or SLL?
CLL
56
What is the normal level of lymphocytes per microliter?
1000/microliter
57
What is the prognosis for chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
Variable (median = 4-6 years
58
CLL can progress rapidly to an aggressive transformation leading to a prognosis of only 1 years survivability and then will resemble what other condition?
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
59
Follicular lymphoma involves which lymphocytes?
B cells
60
What are centrocytes?
Lymphocytes with cleaved nuclei
61
40% of adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are what type of cancer?
Follicular lymphoma
62
What is the age of onset for follicular lymphoma?
Over 50
63
What is a unique feature of follicular lymphoma?
PAINLESS, generalized lymphadenopathy
64
What is the prognosis for follicular lymphoma?
``` Range = 1-20 years Average = 7-9 years ```
65
85% of cases of which type of cancer have a translocation of t(14;18) of the BCL2 gene resulting in what?
Follicular lymphoma; decreased B cell apoptosis (inhibition of cancer death)
66
Centrocytes and nodular aggregates of cancerous B cells are associated with what type of lymphoma?
Follicular lymphoma
67
Approximately 40% of follicular lymphoma cases will progress into which aggressive condition?
Diffuse B cell lymphoma
68
The majority of lymphomas are involved with which type of lymphocyte?
B cells
69
Mantle cell lymphoma is involved with which type of lymphocyte?
B cells
70
What specific structure is dysfunctional with mantle cell lymphoma?
Cyclins
71
What is the function of cyclins?
Regulation of the cell cycle
72
Where can mantle cell lymphoma be seen?
Marrow, spleen, liver, possibly GI looking like a polyp
73
What is the gender bias associated with mantle cell lymphoma?
Males more likely to be affected
74
What is the average age of diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma?
Over 50
75
What is the prognosis for mantle cell lymphoma?
POOR: 3-5 years average survival rate
76
What is the most common lymphoma of adulthood?
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
77
What is the average age of diagnosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma?
60 (but possible at any age: 15% of childhood lymphomas)
78
What condition makes up 50% of all Non-Hodgkins lymphomas?
Diffuse large B cell lymphomas
79
What is a huge risk factor for diffuse large B cell lymphoma/
Previous EBV infection
80
In what extranodal locations can diffuse large B cell lymphoma manifest in the early stages? Late stages?
``` Early = GI tract, brain Late = liver, spleen, marrow ```
81
What is the treatment for diffuse large B cell lymphoma?
High dose chemotherapy
82
What is the cure rate for diffuse large B cell lymphoma treated with chemo?
50% cured, but 80% enter remission with treatment
83
Burkett lymphoma involves which lymphocytes?
B cells
84
What type of lymphoma characteristically affects African children?
Burkitt lymphoma
85
Which facial structures are affected with Burkitt lymphoma?
Mandible and maxilla
86
A "starry sky" pattern produced by macrophages is associated with which lymphoma?
Burkitt
87
What is a huge risk factor for the development of Burkitt lymphoma?
History of EBV infection
88
What mutated gene is associated with Burkitt lymphoma?
MYC gene via t(8;14) which codes for transcription factors
89
What is one of the fastest growing human neoplasms and is a lymphoma?
Burkitt lymphoma
90
Is Burkitt lymphoma most commonly extranodal or intranodal?
Extranodal
91
Where does Burkitt lymphoma manifest in those who get it in Africa? In the US?
``` Africa = maxilla and mandible US = abdomen, GI, ovaries ```
92
What is the prognosis for Burkitt lymphoma?
Great = aggressive chemotherapy cures most children

Systems Pathology II Final (8 decks)

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