What the Heck is this bullshit.

Question 0

superficial fascia

Answer 0

subQ tissue

Question 1

fascia types

Answer 1

superficial and deep

Question 2

deep fascia

Answer 2

dense and organized
no fat
varied thickness

Question 3

retinaculum

Answer 3

deep fascia associated with tendons

Question 4

subserous

Answer 4

deep fascia lining the body cavities

Question 5

bursae

Answer 5

closed sacs of serous membranes allow lubriction

Question 6

fibroblasts

Answer 6

responsive to mechanotransduction

allow us to produce ECM

Question 7

macrophages

Answer 7

break down the ECM

Question 8

mast cell

Answer 8

vasoactive ( can recruit cells)

Question 9

plasma cell

Answer 9

produce antibodies

Question 10

cells of fascia?

Answer 10

fibroblast, macrophage, mast cell, plasma cell

Question 11

what makes up ECM

Answer 11

glycoproteins, proteoglycans, cells, and collagen

ECM is tunable to mechanical needs
-allows for transduction of signals to cell

Question 12

types of connective tissue

Answer 12

have differences based on the ECM components and cells present

have loose (areolar), dense regular, and dense irregular connective tissue

Question 13

fibroblast

Answer 13

member of the connective tissue type of cells
-related to cartilage, bone, adipose, and smooth cells

fibroblasts can interconvert within this family - rare**

fibroblast can penetrate and become entangled within the ECM
-responsible for remodeling the matrices

Question 14

normal functions of fibroblasts?

Answer 14

connective tissue component
wound healing - produce new collage to repair damage
mesenchymal cells - immature fibroblasts
stromal cells - bone marrow immature fibroblasts

Question 15

cell-matrix tension state

Answer 15

dependent on ECM environment
-collagen density, matrix restraint, and growth factors

low tension - non-pathological

high tension - pathological
-fibroblasts activated in high tension

Question 16

four different dimensions

Answer 16

migratory vs contractility

low tension vs high tension

Question 17

local remodeling

Answer 17

involves one fibroblast

Question 18

global matrix contraction

Answer 18

what we focus on with OMT**

multiple fibroblasts

Question 19

tensegrity

Answer 19

tensional integrity

unison of tensioned and compressed parts of structure

affects microtubule formation in fibroblasts

Question 20

low tension state

Answer 20

fibroblast forms dendritic extensions with microtubules to resist contractile tension

internal clutch

Question 21

high tension state

Answer 21

contractile tension is transferred to the ECM
-no need for microtubules

external clutch

Question 22

fibroblast migration

Answer 22

requires dendritic extensions

therefore more likely in low tension state

Question 23

myofibroblast

Answer 23

fully differentiated fibroblast

adapt contractile activity to the level of stress in the surrounding

highly contractile

- stress fiber formation
- increase expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin

Question 24

TGF-beta release

Answer 24

requires high tension and contractile state

maybe results in organ fibrosis?
ex/ dupuytrens contracture
-fixed contraction of hand

Question 25

mechanotransduction

Answer 25

ability of cell to respond to mechanical changes

Question 26

PDGF

Answer 26

pro-contractile in low tension

anti-contractile in high tension

Question 27

LPA

Answer 27

phospholipid signals

induces proliferation of fibroblasts

Question 28

S1P

Answer 28

growth factor and cytokine

induces proliferation and inflammation

pro-contractile in high tension state

Question 29

focal adhesions

Answer 29

link the ECM to actin cytoskeleton

composed of alpha-beta heterodimers, integrins

Question 30

integrin activity

Answer 30

begin to cluster when activated

focal adhesion complexes become larger and larger
-become supermature focal adhesion

Question 31

fibronectin

Answer 31

under high stress, can unfold to reveal sites which autocatalyze fibril formation

Question 32

methods of mechanical cell stiumulation

Answer 32

compression and static stimuli

Question 33

shear force

Answer 33

fluid force

relevant for cells lining fluid filled cavities and vessels

however, all cells are bathed in fluid

very difficult to calculate the shear force on cells

Question 34

types of stretch in cell

Answer 34

uniaxial (only one direction)
	-align along perpendicular axis
biaxial (multiple directions)
	-align due to different axis of stretch
equibiaxially (equal in all directions)
	-cells do not align due to major axis of strain

Question 35

myosin V

Answer 35

can induce contraction

not muscle, just a normal cell ability