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OPP exam 1 > Cell Biology of Manual Therapies (Heck) > Flashcards

Cell Biology of Manual Therapies (Heck) Flashcards

1
Q

Fascia

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

Superficial fascia

A

Subcutaneous tissue

close to skin

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3
Q

Deep Fascia

A

more dense in structure
associated with muscle, bone, neurovascular tissues
no fat

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4
Q

Retinaculum

A

Associated with tendons

holds tendons in place when crossing a joint

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5
Q

Subserous

A

Lines the body cavities

allows tissues to slip and slide against one another

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6
Q

Bursae

A

Closed sacs of serous membrane capable of secreting fluid for lubrication

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7
Q

Cells of fascia (4)

A

Fibroblast
Macrophage
Mast Cell
Plasma cell

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8
Q

Fibroblast

A

responsive to mechantrasnduction
secrete the components of extracellular matrix
(glycoproteins, precursors of collagen, elastin)

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9
Q

Macrophage

A

Degrade/turnover ECM
secrete cytokines
inflammatory mediators

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10
Q

Mast Cell

A

Vasoactive
recruits cells to location
associated with capillaries

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11
Q

Plasma Cell

A

Produce antibodies

under normal conditions these are in low conc.

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12
Q

Extracellular matrix of fascia

A

Collagens (most abundant)
Glycoproteins
Proteoglycans
Transmembrane proteins interacting with ECM

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13
Q

Fascia Connective tissue types

A

Loose (areolar) CT
Dense Regular Connective
Dense Irregular Connective

Depending on type of CT, fibroblasts response and ability to response is different

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13
Q

Fascia Connective tissue types

A

Loose (areolar) CT
Dense Regular Connective
Dense Irregular Connective

Depending on type of CT, fibroblasts response and ability to response is different

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14
Q

The Fibroblast

A

CT type of cell

Least specialized in the CT family

Interconvertable

Can penetrate matrix and become entangled within it

remodel matrices- goal to achieve tensional homeostasis

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14
Q

Interconvertable nature of fibroblasts

A

can differentiate into any of the CT cell types (cartilage, bone, adipose, smooth muscle)

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14
Q

Cell-Matrix Tension state

A

Dependent upon collagen density, matrix restraint, and growth factors

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14
Q

High cell-matrix tension (wound)

A

Activated fibroblast- make more ECM

Cell proliferation ON

Matrix Biosynthesis ON

Restrained Collagen Matrix

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14
Q

4 dimensions of cellular mechanics

A

Low tension / Pro-Migratory

High Tension / Pro-Migratory

Low Tension / Pro-contractile

High Tension /Pro-contractile

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14
Q

Global matrix remodeling/contraction

A

The idea that a fibroblast can respond to mechanical stimulation and remodel the entire tissue

14
Q

What happens during global matrix contraction in low tension state

A

collagen density increases within hours due to PDGF

characteristic fibroblast ruffles

14
Q

High tension state (global matrix contraction)

A

ECM attached to surface and environment is not compressive

therefore cell can transfer energy to external clutch does not need microtubules for support

14
Q

When can fibroblasts migrate

A

In low tension state

can’t be contracted because it needs its dendritic extensions to move

14
Q

Myofibroblast

A

Differentiated fibroblast

Adapt contractility activity to level of stress in the surrounding

14
Q

Highly Contractile Myofibroblast

A

Stress fiber formation

Expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin

14
Q

Alpha smooth muscle actin

A

Mechanosensitive protein

Expressed under significant mechanical load

14
Q

Myofibroblast normal physiology

A

Cell contraction–> participates in wound healing

releases factors located in ECM (such as TGF-beta)

14
Q

TGF beta release

A

stimulated by mechanical movement of cell

Happens when we have contractile cell and stiff high tension matrix that resists contraction of cell

14
Q

Myofibroblast in pathology

A

Organ fibrosis- release of TGF beta

Dupuytren’s Contracture- contracture of hand

14
Q

Dupuytren’s Contracture

A

contraction of palmar aponeurosis

14
Q

PDGF

A

Procontractile and pro-migratory in low tension

Anitcontractilie in high tension

14
Q

TGF-Beta

A

Myofibroblast differentiation

lie latent in ECM pools until released by contracilie mechanisms or proteolytic cleavage

14
Q

Focal adhesions

A

link ECM with actin cytoskeleton

contains integrin

allows for downstream signaling transduction to occur

mechanical –> kinase cascade (for example)

14
Q

Integrin

A

transmembrane protein

ligand binding causes integrin to cluster and recruit many proteins to the cytosolic domain that then create a mature focal adhesion

14
Q

Methods of mechanical cell stimulation

A

Compression

Static stimuli (tissue stiffness)

14
Q

Stretch

A

Uniaxial (one direction)
Biaxial
Equibiaxially

14
Q

Normal function of fibroblasts

A

Secrete ECM

Wound healing

14
Q

State that fibroblasts exist in normally

A

Low Tension

Includes: Dendritic morphology
Network through gap junctions
low matrix biosynthesis

14
Q

What happens during global matrix contraction in high tension state

A

Collagen density increases within hours due to extracellular environment

14
Q

Tensegrity

A

Tensional integrity

unison of tensioned and compressed parts

14
Q

Low tension state (floating matrix) (global matrix contraction)

A

cells forming dendritic extensions (microtubles and actin)

loose floating matrix is more compressive on cell, therefore cell uses its own cytoskeletal elements to act as a clutch

14
Q

Cell signaling involved in mechanotransduction

A

PDGF
LPA
S1P
TGF-beta

14
Q

LPA

A

Lysophosphatidic acid

induces proliferation

procontractile (of fibroblasts) in high tension

14
Q

S1P

A

Procontractile in high tension environment

activated by GF and cytokines

induces proliferation and inflammation- stimulates wound healing

phospholipid- so paracrine signalling

14
Q

Shear forces

A

Fluid flow

such as cells lining fluid-filled cavities and vessels

interstitial flow- generated via compression or inflammation

14
Q

How do cells respond to uniaxial stretch

A

align along the perpendicular axis of the stretch

14
Q

How do cells respond to biaxial stretch

A

Multiple directions

14
Q

Subcellular stimulation

A

Comes from within the cell

Myosin V contraction

Can transduce signals from the cytoskeleton to the focal adhesions to the ECM

OPP exam 1 (14 decks)

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