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EES 160 > What's the Earth System and How do we Study it? > Flashcards

What's the Earth System and How do we Study it? Flashcards

1
Q

How does the Earth System function?

A

Through construction & destruction

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2
Q

What’s the construction process?

A

An internal heat engine filled with energy

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3
Q

What’s the destructive process?

A

An external heat engine filled with energy

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4
Q

What are terrestrial planets?

A

Planets that have surfaces, smaller than gas planets, don’t have many moons as gas planets, and have more thermal energy

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5
Q

What are gas planets?

A

Planets that are made out of gas, bigger than terrestrial planets, more moons, and stronger gravitational pull

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6
Q

What’s CHZ?

A

A continuously Habitable Zone.

1) Water can be fluid for 4.5 Ga
2. ) Planet just large enough with enough gravity to hold an atmosphere

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7
Q

Why is CHZ important?

A

Determines whether a planet is active or not.

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8
Q

Why is Earth an active planet?

A

Because it is a CHZ planet, its large enough to keep internal heat & keep its atmosphere, life can exist, and its far from the sun to have liquid water & climate stability over 4.5 Ga

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9
Q

What single event turned the entire Earth molten?

A

Outgassing

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10
Q

Why is the size of the Earth important?

A

Because it is big enough to hold it’s own atmosphere

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11
Q

How old is the solar system?

A

4.57 Ga

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12
Q

How long ago was the formation of the Earth-moon system?

A

4.45 Ga

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13
Q

How far is the Earth from the sun?

A

93 mill. miles

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14
Q

What’s outgassing?

A

It’s where chemicals from volcano eruptions create an atmosphere

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15
Q

What are the rocky/ terrestrial planets?

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars

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16
Q

Why doesn’t mercury have water?

A

It dried up

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17
Q

Why doesn’t mars have water?

A

It froze

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18
Q

How did the Earth form?

A

Through a collision

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19
Q

How did the solar system form?

A

From the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud

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20
Q

What’s a primodrial/ pre-solar nebula

A

A giant nebula cloud

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21
Q

How big is comet-67 P?

A

Approx. 4 km long and approx. 3.5 km wide

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22
Q

When did the sun become the sun?

A

Nuclear fusion begins in the sun (proto-sun) and lights the sun, sent major shock waves throughout the protoplanetary disc to be concentrated in belts causing more collisions & accretions forming proplanets

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23
Q

What’s the formation of the moon?

A
  1. ) Collision with Thea

2. ) Collision helps accrete the moon with debris from the rings of Earth

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24
Q

How did the molten rock ancient Earth cool to its present form?

A

Through 3 functions of cooling

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25
Q

What are the three forms of cooling?

A
  1. ) Convection
  2. ) Radiation
  3. ) conduction
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26
Q

What happens during convection?

A

Hot material rises and cool material falls

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27
Q

What happens during conduction?

A

Energy emits heat from the core

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28
Q

What happens during radiation?

A

Energy is emitted to warm up material around it

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29
Q

What’s Earth’s energy input and output?

A

Input: Solar energy
Output: terrestrial energy

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30
Q

What’s a hypothesis?

A

A testable explanation of a situation that can be supported or disproved

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31
Q

Where does cool molted rock or lava form?

A

The lithosphere

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32
Q

How are protoplanets formed?

A

Through accretion of debris through gravitational attraction

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33
Q

What’s a protoplanetary disk?

A

a rotating circumstellar disk of dense gas and dust surrounding a young newly formed star

34
Q

What must remain in equilibrium?

A

Constructive and destructive process

35
Q

What’s an engine?

A

A device that runs on energy

36
Q

What’s a heat engine?

A

A device that produces energy from heat

37
Q

What’s a system?

A

Something that is separate from other systems

38
Q

What’s the Earth system?

A

The interaction of 4 subsystems

39
Q

What does a system include?

A
  1. ) Common characteristics
  2. ) Parts that are combinations of matter and energy that interact
  3. ) Interdependent parts
40
Q

How do we study geology?

A

.Observation
.Understanding & use of uniformitarianism
.Understand & use catastrophism
.Combine uniformitarianism and catastrophism and view Earth’s history as slow, gradual story, punctuated by natural catastrophic events

41
Q

What’s uniformitarianism?

A

Present is key to past & slow change over vast times. (“same”)

42
Q

What’s catastrophism?

A

Presence of sudden, short-lived, violent events that aren’t uniformitarianism

43
Q

What’s an example of catastrophism?

A

A meteor that caused mass extinction of dinosaurs

44
Q

Why do we study the Earth?

A

. To make a living “learn to earn”

.Understand the Earth to sustain the cultural & ecologic unity of places we live: Earth

45
Q

What does Gaia mean?

A

mother; the form of complex living beings

46
Q

What are the types of systems?

A

Open, closed, isolated

47
Q

What’s an open system?

A

Allows energy & mass across system boundary

48
Q

What’s a closed system?

A

Allows energy only across system boundary

49
Q

What’s isolated system?

A

Allows neither energy nor mass across the system boundary

50
Q

How much meteorite mass falls to Earth each year?

A

37,000-78,000 tons

51
Q

What’s structure?

A

How parts are arranged

52
Q

What’s process?

A

Change(s) in a system

53
Q

What are the major parts/ subsystems of the Earth system?

A

Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere (geosphere), and biosphere

54
Q

What are interface phenomena?

A

Interaction between various subsystems

55
Q

What is an example of interface phenomena?

A

Wind erosion: atmosphere and lithosphere

56
Q

What helped outgassing create the atmosphere?

A

Gravity & radioactivity

57
Q

What type of rocks apply to the law of horizontality?

A

Sedimentary rocks

58
Q

What type of rocks apply to the principle of inclusions?

A

Metamorphic rocks

59
Q

What type of rock apply to the law of cross-cutting?

A

Igneous rocks

60
Q

What’s a dike?

A

An igneous intrusion that cuts across overlying layers

61
Q

What’s a fault?

A

A geological event that curves from the top to the bottom

62
Q

What laws/ principles pertain to faults?

A

Original horizontality & cross-cutting relationship

63
Q

Do stable or unstable isotopes decay?

A

unstable because they have too few neutrons

64
Q

What’s a fold?

A

A deformation of rock layers that do not bend

65
Q

Can a fault and fold occur at the same time?

A

yes

66
Q

What’s the hydrosphere?

A

All the water on Earth and in the atmosphere

67
Q

What % of Earth water is salt water and fresh water?

A

97% salt water, 3% fresh water

68
Q

What’s the cyrosphere?

A

The region of permanently frozen water

69
Q

What’s the atmosphere?

A

A blanket of gases that surrounds our planet

70
Q

What’s the biosphere?

A

All organisms on Earth as well as environment in which they live

71
Q

What’s the lithosphere (geosphere)?

A

The area from the surface of Earth down to its center

72
Q

What’s the geosphere divided into?

A

Crust, mantle, & core

73
Q

What’s the crust?

A

Rigid outer shell of Earth of two kinds

74
Q

What are the two kinds of crust?

A

Continental and Oceanic

75
Q

What’s the mantle?

A

Temperature: 100-40000 degrees celcius

76
Q

What’s the core?

A

Temperature: as high as 7000 degrees celcius

77
Q

What’s degassing?

A

Make or become free of unwanted or excess gas

78
Q

What’s internal differentiation?

A

Analysis of the processes involved in the value chain in order to find out which of them make the product different

79
Q

What’s radiometric dating?

A

Dating an object using radioactive isotopes

80
Q

What’s gravity?

A

A force that attracts a body toward the center of the Earth or toward any other physical body having mass

EES 160 (15 decks)

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