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EES 160 > What are minerals and how do they form? > Flashcards

What are minerals and how do they form? Flashcards

1
Q

What’s an element?

A

A substance where matter can be seperated

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2
Q

What’s an atom?

A

Smallest particle that retains the properties of an element

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3
Q

What’s a compound?

A

A homogeneous substance with atoms or ions of 2 or more different elements

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4
Q

What’s a molecule?

A

Chemical units that contains specific properties for specific compounds

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5
Q

What does an atom contain?

A

Electrons, neutrons, and protons

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6
Q

What’s an isotope?

A

Where there are more neutrons than protons

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7
Q

Can compounds be separated?

A

No by physical means

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8
Q

How are molecules formed?

A

When 2 or more atoms or ions of the same or different elements form

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9
Q

How are minerals formed?

A

In a cooling melt with molecules of the same type

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10
Q

How are rocks formed?

A

In a cooling melt minerals that form under similar conditions as minerals will combine together

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11
Q

Why are minerals compounds?

A

Because minerals contain 2 or more different elements

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12
Q

Why does mineral formation happen?

A

In a molten system atoms move at a rapid speed but when it cool, energy declines, and atoms seek to combine with other atoms

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13
Q

What’s a mineral?

A

A naturally occurring, crystalline, inorganic, definite composition with properties substance

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14
Q

What does the crystal structure depend on?

A

The regular arrangement

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15
Q

What does crystalline mean?

A

Arranged in a very distinct order

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16
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A

Not produced or not related to life

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17
Q

How are minerals classified?

A

Dana System; based son major anion group

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18
Q

Do all minerals form crystals?

A

No

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19
Q

What does it mean when a mineral is hard?

A

The composite is tight and has the resistance to scratching

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20
Q

List the physical properties.

A

Color, cleavage, shape, hardness, luster, streak color, fracture, specific gravity, and other specific properties

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21
Q

What’s cleavage?

A

Tendency to break in one or more direction, leaving smooth, flat, shiny surfaces

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22
Q

How is cleavage determined?

A

By the molecular structure

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23
Q

Where does cleavage take place?

A

Parallel to the molecular planes

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24
Q

Is color a always a good guide? and why?

A

No, because any mineral can become any color if something goes through the holes

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25
Q

What are the basic types of luster?

A

Metallic/ nonmetallic

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26
Q

What’s a streak?

A

The color of the mineral’s powerder

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27
Q

How do you determines a mineral’s streak?

A

Rubbing mineral on an unglazed porcelain plate

28
Q

What’s a chemical property for minerals?

A

Acid or vinegar: Fizzes, effervesce with cold, dilute hydrochloric acid

29
Q

How does Mohs scale of hardness work?

A

A mineral can scratch all of the minerals below it

30
Q

Do all minerals form crystals?

A

No

31
Q

Why do some minerals like Rose Quartz form?

A

Because there wasn’t enough space for the crystal structures to grow

32
Q

What’s a rock?

A

A naturally occurring solid, combination or one or more minerals

33
Q

How do we identify rocks?

A

Rock fabric

34
Q

What are the types of fabric?

A

Random: Tweed cloth & granite
Oriented: corduroy & gneiss

35
Q

What’s rock fabric?

A

The arrangement or pattern, if any, in the grains

36
Q

Can water be a mineral?

A

Yes, ice

37
Q

Can coal be a mineral?

A

No, it’s organic. It’s made from remains of plants, therefore it’s a rock

38
Q

Can rocks go through the same test as minerals?

A

No, except for limestone and rocks that have calcite in them

39
Q

What are the major types of rocks?

A

Sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic

40
Q

What does igneous mean in Latin?

A

lava

41
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

Through cooling & solidification of magma or lava

42
Q

What’s lava?

A

Molten rock on the Earth’s surface

43
Q

What’s magma?

A

Molten rock in the Earth

44
Q

What % of the Earth’s crust is made of igneous rocks?

A

65

45
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

The accumulation of sediment (weathered rock debris) in a fluid

46
Q

What % of the Earth’s crust is made of sedimentary rocks?

A

8

47
Q

What do sediments start as?

A

Fragments

48
Q

How are igneous rocks characterized?

A

Interlocking crystals & w/ random fabric

49
Q

How are sedimentary rocks characterized?

A

Rounded, cemented grains, and shows stratification

50
Q

What does metamorphic mean in Latin?

A

Meta- =self and -morph= change

51
Q

What % of the Earth’s crust is made of igneous rocks?

A

27

52
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

From changing or other rocks by heat or pressure

53
Q

What kind of changes happen within a metamorphic rock?

A

Texture & composition

54
Q

How are metamorphic rocks characterized?

A

Parallel alignment, linear, & interlocking grains

55
Q

What’s lithification?

A

To make rocks in which sediments compact under pressure, expel connote fluids, & gradually become a solid rock

56
Q

What does lithos- mean in Latin?

A

Rock

57
Q

What does -ific mean in Latin?

A

Process

58
Q

What’s specific gravity?

A

The determination of which mineral is heavier than the other

59
Q

What are some special properties?

A

Effervescence, taste, magnetism, smell, feel, exsolution lamellea striations, fluoreccence

60
Q

Do physical properties change over time?

A

NO

61
Q

What’s the difference between metallic and non-metallic?

A

Metallic: looks like metal (lead, nickel, silver, gold, copper) and is opaque (not see through)
Non-metallic: Dull (glassy, Earthy, and pearly)

62
Q

What’s the difference between cleavage and fracture?

A

Cleavage: Breaks along flat planar surfaces at a certain angle
Fracture: Breaks along curved surfaces without a definite shape, like a dropped cell-phone screen

63
Q

What’s hardness?

A

The resistance of scratches

64
Q

What’s luster?

A

The way light reflects on a mineral. Metallic vs Non-metallic

65
Q

How hard is the streak plate?

A

6.5

EES 160 (15 decks)

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