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A Level Chemistry > What’s in a medicine? > Flashcards

What’s in a medicine? Flashcards

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1
Q

name the three types of alcohols

A

primary, secondary and tertiary

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2
Q

where is the -OH group attached in a primary alcohol

A

the carbon which carriers the OH group is attached to 1 alkyl group

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3
Q

what are primary alcohols oxidised to

A

aldehydes then to carboxylic acids

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4
Q

what are secondary alcohols oxidised to

A

ketones

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5
Q

why does ethanol dissolve in water?

A

hydrogen bonding between the ethanol and the water means the IMF’s are similar so the 2 molecules dissolve

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6
Q

where is the -OH group attached in a secondary alcohol?

A

it is attached to 2 alkyl groups directly

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7
Q

where is the -OH group attached in a tertiary alcohol?

A

it is attached to 3 alkyl groups directly

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8
Q

how are tertiary alcohols oxidised?

A

they cannot be

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9
Q

what is produced if an alcohol is dehydrated?

A

an alkene

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10
Q

how can alcohols be dehydrated?

A
  1. pass ethanol vapour over hot catalyst of Al2CO3
    or
  2. reflux ethanol with excess concentrated sulphuric acid @ 170°c
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11
Q

alcohol + carboxylic acid —>

A

ester and water

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12
Q

alcohol + acid anhydride —>

A

ester (and carboxylic acid)

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13
Q

how can alcohol make a haloalkane?

A

-OH on the alcohol can be swapped with a halogen

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14
Q

what else is produced when a haloalkane is?

A

water

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15
Q

what is an ether?

A

a structural isomer of an alcohol

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16
Q

name this ether - CH3 - CH2 - O - CH3

A

methoxyethane

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17
Q

give the 4 properties of acid anhydrides

A

•colourless
• strong acidic odour
•react with H2O
•dissolve in organic solvents

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18
Q

why do acid anhydrides have lower boiling points than carboxylic acids?

A

larger polar molecule
with dipole-dipole and ID-ID forces
but no H bonding
so bpt not high

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19
Q

what is a phenol?

A

a benzene ring with -OH groups attached

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20
Q

how do you test for phenols?

A

add iron (lll) chloride solution and shake. turns purple if phenol present

21
Q

what happens when a phenol is in water?

A

it dissolves slightly to form a phenoxide ion and H+ ion

22
Q

phenol + alkali —>

A

salt and H2O

23
Q

why don’t phenols react with carbonate solutions?

A

they’re not strong enough bases to remove H+ ion from phenol

24
Q

phenol + acid anhydride —>

A

ester and carboxylic acid

25
Q

how can you distinguish between an alcohol and phenol

A

phenols don’t react with carboxylic acids to make esters but other alcohols do

26
Q

what can thin layer chromatography be used for?

A

•separate mixtures
•purify substances
•identify substances

27
Q

how do you calculate Rf value?

A

distance travelled by spot / distance travelled by solvent

28
Q

how can colourless compounds be revealed when doing chromatography?

A

UV light or iodine vapour

29
Q

what are the two phases of chromatography?

A

mobile and stationary

30
Q

what is the mobile phase of chromatography?

A

the liquid or gas

31
Q

what is the stationary phase of chromatography?

A

the material that doesn’t move

32
Q

what happens when IR radiation is absorbed by covalent bonds in the molecules?

A

their vibrational energy increases

33
Q

what do you mean by vibrational energy increases?

A

they vibrate more

34
Q

how can IR radiation help us identify bonds?

A

different bonds absorb different frequencies of IR radiation that we can check in a table

35
Q

what device produces an infrared spectrum?

A

an infrared spectrometer

36
Q

what is used to produce a mass spectrum?

A

a mass spectrometer

37
Q

what happens when a compound is in a mass spectrometer? and what does this do to the molecule?

A

molecules in sample are bombarded with e- which remove an e- from the molecule to form M+ ion

38
Q

which peak on a graph is the m peak?

A

the peak with the second highest mass/charge ratio

39
Q

what causes the M+1 peak?

A

the presence of carbon-13

40
Q

where would you find an M+1 peak on the graph?

A

smaller peak to the right of the M peak

41
Q

what is the expected colour change when an alcohol is oxidised?

A

orange —> green

42
Q

how do you oxidise an alcohol?
(3 points)

A

1.alcohol + sulphuric acid + potassium dichromate
2.heat and distill out to get aldehyde
3.reflux to get carboxylic acid

43
Q

what is meant by the term reflux?

A

to hear or boil without losing reactants, products or solvent

44
Q

how do you make ethanal from ethanol?

A

potassium dichromate + ethanol + sulphuric acid and heat
distill out ethanal as it forms

45
Q

explain how to make ethanoic acid from ethanol

A

reflux potassium dichromate, sulphuric acid and ethanol
for 30 - 60mins
then distill out ethanoic acid

46
Q

explain how to purify a solid by recrystallisation

A
  1. dissolve solid in minimum volume of hot solvent
  2. filter when hot to remove impurities
  3. then cool and collect pure sample by filtration
47
Q

what does the carbon next to the OH in an alcohol need to have on to undergo dehydration?

A

a H
to eliminate water

48
Q

Butan-2-ol is an isomer of butan-1-ol. What type of alcohol is butan-2-ol? Explain your answer

2 marks

A

secondary
only one H attached to the C atom with the OH on

49
Q

explain the term pharmacore
1 mark

A

a part of a molecular structure that is responsible for a particular pharmacological activity

A Level Chemistry (12 decks)

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