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A Level Chemistry > Developing Fuels > Flashcards

Developing Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

explain why stereoisomerism can occur in but-2-ene (2 marks)

A

there is a lack of rotation around the C=C bond
and the groups on each end of the carbon atom are different

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2
Q

number of moles in gas =

A

vol in dm3 / 24.0
or
vol in cm3 / 24000

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3
Q

what is the ideal gas equation?

A

pV = nRT

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4
Q

what is R in the gas equation?

A

gas constant - 8.314

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5
Q

enthalpy change is..

A

the heat energy transferred in a reaction at a constant pressure

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6
Q

what are the enthalpy change units?

A

kj mol-1

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7
Q

in an exothermic reaction energy is…

A

given out to surroundings

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8
Q

in endothermic reactions energy is…

A

absorbed

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9
Q

in an exothermic reaction delta H is..

A

negative

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10
Q

in an endothermic reaction delta H is..

A

positive

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11
Q

bond breaking is an ____ process

A

endothermic

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12
Q

bond breaking is an _____ reaction

A

endothermic

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13
Q

enthalpy change of reaction =

A

total energy absorbed to break bonds - total energy released in making bonds

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14
Q

standard enthalpy change of reaction is…

A

the enthalpy change when the reaction occurs in molar quantities shown in the chemical equation, under standard conditions

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15
Q

Enthalpy is…..

A

the energy content stored in a system

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16
Q

standard enthalpy change of combustion is…..

A

The enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mol of substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions.

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17
Q

standard enthalpy change of formation is….

A

the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent parts in their standard states under standard conditions

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18
Q

standard enthalpy change of neutralisation is…

A

the enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mol of hydrogen ions react with 1 mol of hydroxide ions to form water under standard conditions

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19
Q

Hess’ law is when

A

a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change for each route is the same

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20
Q

for combustion data in hess cycles the arrow points…

A

downwards

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21
Q

for formation data in hess cycles the arrow points…

A

up

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22
Q

fractional distillation is…

A

separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point, by means of distillation.

using a fractionating column

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23
Q

hydrocarbons are made of…,

A

hydrogen and carbon

24
Q

a saturated hydrocarbon is one with..

A

single bonds only

25
Q

the functional group is responsible for a molecules…

A

chemical properties

26
Q

aliphatic hydrocarbons are…

A

straight chain or branched cabin hydrocarbons

27
Q

cyclic hydrocarbons are…

A

a hydrocarbon with C atoms joined in a ring shape

28
Q

a homologous series is…

A

a family of compounds with the same functional group, similar chemical properties and the same general formula

29
Q

cracking is…

A

the breaking down of long chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter chain alkenes and alkanes

30
Q

catalysts are…

A

substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing a permanent chemical change

31
Q

heterogenous catalysts are….

A

catalysts in a different state to the reactants

32
Q

homogenous catalyst are…

A

catalysts that are in the same state as the reactants

33
Q

the Pi bond is the…

A

reactive part of a double bond

34
Q

isomerisation is…

A

converting straight chain alkanes into branches chain alkanes

35
Q

reforming is when…

A

aliphatic hydrocarbons are converted to cyclic hydrocarbons

36
Q

standard conditions are…

A

298k
1 atm
conc of 1 moldm3

37
Q

catalyst poisoning…

A

when a catalyst no longer works properly

38
Q

an electrophile is…

A

an electron pair acceptor

39
Q

a carbocation is…

A

an ion with a positively charged carbon atom

40
Q

addition reactions are..

A

when two or more molecules react to form a single larger molecule

41
Q

a polymer is…

A

a long molecular chain made from smaller molecules (monomers)

42
Q

monomers are…

A

small molecules that combine with many other monomers to form a polymer

43
Q

addition polymerisation is..

A

reaction is which many monomers containing at least one C=C double bond form long chain polymers

44
Q

avogadros law states that..

A

equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules

45
Q

e/z isomerism is…

A

different groups attached to each C of the C=C may be arranged in space differently because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond

46
Q

cis/trans isomerism is…

A

where there is a non hydrogen and hydrogen atom on each C atom in the C=C

47
Q

the cis isomerism is also known as..

A

the Z isomer

48
Q

trans isomerism is also known as …

A

the E isomer

49
Q

the cis (Z) isomer has the H atoms on…

A

the same side

50
Q

the trans (E) isomer has the H atoms on….

A

different sides

51
Q

biofuels are…

A

alternative fuels derived from renewable plant and animal materials

52
Q

molar volume is…

A

24 mol dm-3

53
Q

stereoisomers are…

A

compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space

54
Q

give the equation for the formation of CO2

A

C (s) + O2 (g) –> CO2 (g)

55
Q

the Pi bond is formed..
by…

A

above and below the place of bonded atoms
by a sideways overlap of p orbitals

A Level Chemistry (12 decks)

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