Developing Fuels

Question 1

explain why stereoisomerism can occur in but-2-ene (2 marks)

Answer 1

there is a lack of rotation around the C=C bond
and the groups on each end of the carbon atom are different

Question 2

number of moles in gas =

Answer 2

vol in dm3 / 24.0
or
vol in cm3 / 24000

Question 3

what is the ideal gas equation?

Answer 3

pV = nRT

Question 4

what is R in the gas equation?

Answer 4

gas constant - 8.314

Question 5

enthalpy change is..

Answer 5

the heat energy transferred in a reaction at a constant pressure

Question 6

what are the enthalpy change units?

Answer 6

kj mol-1

Question 7

in an exothermic reaction energy is…

Answer 7

given out to surroundings

Question 8

in endothermic reactions energy is…

Answer 8

absorbed

Question 9

in an exothermic reaction delta H is..

Answer 9

negative

Question 10

in an endothermic reaction delta H is..

Answer 10

positive

Question 11

bond breaking is an ____ process

Answer 11

endothermic

Question 12

bond breaking is an _____ reaction

Answer 12

endothermic

Question 13

enthalpy change of reaction =

Answer 13

total energy absorbed to break bonds - total energy released in making bonds

Question 14

standard enthalpy change of reaction is…

Answer 14

the enthalpy change when the reaction occurs in molar quantities shown in the chemical equation, under standard conditions

Question 15

Enthalpy is…..

Answer 15

the energy content stored in a system

Question 16

standard enthalpy change of combustion is…..

Answer 16

The enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mol of substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions.

Question 17

standard enthalpy change of formation is….

Answer 17

the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent parts in their standard states under standard conditions

Question 18

standard enthalpy change of neutralisation is…

Answer 18

the enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mol of hydrogen ions react with 1 mol of hydroxide ions to form water under standard conditions

Question 19

Hess’ law is when

Answer 19

a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change for each route is the same

Question 20

for combustion data in hess cycles the arrow points…

Answer 20

downwards

Question 21

for formation data in hess cycles the arrow points…

Answer 21

up

Question 22

fractional distillation is…

Answer 22

separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point, by means of distillation.

using a fractionating column

Question 23

hydrocarbons are made of…,

Answer 23

hydrogen and carbon

Question 24

a saturated hydrocarbon is one with..

Answer 24

single bonds only

Question 25

the functional group is responsible for a molecules…

Answer 25

chemical properties

Question 26

aliphatic hydrocarbons are…

Answer 26

straight chain or branched cabin hydrocarbons

Question 27

cyclic hydrocarbons are…

Answer 27

a hydrocarbon with C atoms joined in a ring shape

Question 28

a homologous series is…

Answer 28

a family of compounds with the same functional group, similar chemical properties and the same general formula

Question 29

cracking is…

Answer 29

the breaking down of long chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter chain alkenes and alkanes

Question 30

catalysts are…

Answer 30

substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing a permanent chemical change

Question 31

heterogenous catalysts are….

Answer 31

catalysts in a different state to the reactants

Question 32

homogenous catalyst are…

Answer 32

catalysts that are in the same state as the reactants

Question 33

the Pi bond is the…

Answer 33

reactive part of a double bond

Question 34

isomerisation is…

Answer 34

converting straight chain alkanes into branches chain alkanes

Question 35

reforming is when…

Answer 35

aliphatic hydrocarbons are converted to cyclic hydrocarbons

Question 36

standard conditions are…

Answer 36

298k 1 atm conc of 1 moldm3

Question 37

catalyst poisoning…

Answer 37

when a catalyst no longer works properly

Question 38

an electrophile is…

Answer 38

an electron pair acceptor

Question 39

a carbocation is…

Answer 39

an ion with a positively charged carbon atom

Question 40

addition reactions are..

Answer 40

when two or more molecules react to form a single larger molecule

Question 41

a polymer is…

Answer 41

a long molecular chain made from smaller molecules (monomers)

Question 42

monomers are…

Answer 42

small molecules that combine with many other monomers to form a polymer

Question 43

addition polymerisation is..

Answer 43

reaction is which many monomers containing at least one C=C double bond form long chain polymers

Question 44

avogadros law states that..

Answer 44

equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules

Question 45

e/z isomerism is…

Answer 45

different groups attached to each C of the C=C may be arranged in space differently because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond

Question 46

cis/trans isomerism is…

Answer 46

where there is a non hydrogen and hydrogen atom on each C atom in the C=C

Question 47

the cis isomerism is also known as..

Answer 47

the Z isomer

Question 48

trans isomerism is also known as …

Answer 48

the E isomer

Question 49

the cis (Z) isomer has the H atoms on…

Answer 49

the same side

Question 50

the trans (E) isomer has the H atoms on….

Answer 50

different sides

Question 51

biofuels are…

Answer 51

alternative fuels derived from renewable plant and animal materials

Question 52

molar volume is…

Answer 52

24 mol dm-3

Question 53

stereoisomers are…

Answer 53

compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 54

give the equation for the formation of CO2

Answer 54

C (s) + O2 (g) --> CO2 (g)

Question 55

the Pi bond is formed.. by...

Answer 55

above and below the place of bonded atoms by a sideways overlap of p orbitals