Developing Fuels Flashcards

(55 cards)

1
Q

explain why stereoisomerism can occur in but-2-ene (2 marks)

A

there is a lack of rotation around the C=C bond
and the groups on each end of the carbon atom are different

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2
Q

number of moles in gas =

A

vol in dm3 / 24.0
or
vol in cm3 / 24000

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3
Q

what is the ideal gas equation?

A

pV = nRT

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4
Q

what is R in the gas equation?

A

gas constant - 8.314

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5
Q

enthalpy change is..

A

the heat energy transferred in a reaction at a constant pressure

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6
Q

what are the enthalpy change units?

A

kj mol-1

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7
Q

in an exothermic reaction energy is…

A

given out to surroundings

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8
Q

in endothermic reactions energy is…

A

absorbed

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9
Q

in an exothermic reaction delta H is..

A

negative

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10
Q

in an endothermic reaction delta H is..

A

positive

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11
Q

bond breaking is an ____ process

A

endothermic

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12
Q

bond breaking is an _____ reaction

A

endothermic

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13
Q

enthalpy change of reaction =

A

total energy absorbed to break bonds - total energy released in making bonds

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14
Q

standard enthalpy change of reaction is…

A

the enthalpy change when the reaction occurs in molar quantities shown in the chemical equation, under standard conditions

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15
Q

Enthalpy is…..

A

the energy content stored in a system

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16
Q

standard enthalpy change of combustion is…..

A

The enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mol of substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions.

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17
Q

standard enthalpy change of formation is….

A

the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent parts in their standard states under standard conditions

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18
Q

standard enthalpy change of neutralisation is…

A

the enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mol of hydrogen ions react with 1 mol of hydroxide ions to form water under standard conditions

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19
Q

Hess’ law is when

A

a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change for each route is the same

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20
Q

for combustion data in hess cycles the arrow points…

A

downwards

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21
Q

for formation data in hess cycles the arrow points…

A

up

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22
Q

fractional distillation is…

A

separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point, by means of distillation.

using a fractionating column

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23
Q

hydrocarbons are made of…,

A

hydrogen and carbon

24
Q

a saturated hydrocarbon is one with..

A

single bonds only

25
the functional group is responsible for a molecules…
chemical properties
26
aliphatic hydrocarbons are…
straight chain or branched cabin hydrocarbons
27
cyclic hydrocarbons are…
a hydrocarbon with C atoms joined in a ring shape
28
a homologous series is…
a family of compounds with the same functional group, similar chemical properties and the same general formula
29
cracking is…
the breaking down of long chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter chain alkenes and alkanes
30
catalysts are…
substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing a permanent chemical change
31
heterogenous catalysts are….
catalysts in a different state to the reactants
32
homogenous catalyst are…
catalysts that are in the same state as the reactants
33
the Pi bond is the…
reactive part of a double bond
34
isomerisation is…
converting straight chain alkanes into branches chain alkanes
35
reforming is when…
aliphatic hydrocarbons are converted to cyclic hydrocarbons
36
standard conditions are…
298k 1 atm conc of 1 moldm3
37
catalyst poisoning…
when a catalyst no longer works properly
38
an electrophile is…
an electron pair acceptor
39
a carbocation is…
an ion with a positively charged carbon atom
40
addition reactions are..
when two or more molecules react to form a single larger molecule
41
a polymer is…
a long molecular chain made from smaller molecules (monomers)
42
monomers are…
small molecules that combine with many other monomers to form a polymer
43
addition polymerisation is..
reaction is which many monomers containing at least one C=C double bond form long chain polymers
44
avogadros law states that..
equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules
45
e/z isomerism is…
different groups attached to each C of the C=C may be arranged in space differently because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond
46
cis/trans isomerism is…
where there is a non hydrogen and hydrogen atom on each C atom in the C=C
47
the cis isomerism is also known as..
the Z isomer
48
trans isomerism is also known as …
the E isomer
49
the cis (Z) isomer has the H atoms on…
the same side
50
the trans (E) isomer has the H atoms on….
different sides
51
biofuels are…
alternative fuels derived from renewable plant and animal materials
52
molar volume is…
24 mol dm-3
53
stereoisomers are…
compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space
54
give the equation for the formation of CO2
C (s) + O2 (g) --> CO2 (g)
55
the Pi bond is formed.. by...
above and below the place of bonded atoms by a sideways overlap of p orbitals