Polymers of Life Flashcards
amino acids contain….
basic amino group and carboxylic group
amino acids can exist as….
zwitter ions
a zwitter ion is….
a molecule that is overall neutral that has a positive a negative charge in different parts
describe primary protein structure
the sequence of amino acids that make the chain
describe secondary protein structure
hydrogen bonds form alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
describe tertiary structure of amino acids
extra bonds form giving it its three dimensional shape
what bonds are formed when a protein becomes tertiary?
ID-ID
ionic interactions
H bonds
disulphide bridges
DNA is made of _______ that contain a ______ , ____ and ____
nucleotides
deoxyribose sugar
phosphate
base
nucleotides join together to make…
a sugar-phosphate backbone
RNA doesn’t have the base _____ instead it has _____
thymine
uracil
the sugar-phosphate backbone is formed by….
a condensation reaction
adenine and thymine form ___ H bonds
2
guanine and cytosine form _ H bonds
3
DNA replicates via…
semi conservative replication
DNA _____ joins nucleotides together to form ____ ____
polymerase
new chains
how many amino acids are there?
20
DNA codes for specific ____ ____ with sequences of ____
amino acids
triplets
what happens in transcription
- DNA unwinds to make 2 strands
- DNA base attracts free RNA nucleotides with complementary bases
- RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides to each other forming mRNA
- DNA coils back up
translation makes….
proteins
enzymes are….
biological catalysts
enzymes are highly…
specific
substrate is held in active site by __ bonds and ____ bonds between the _____ and _ ____ of the enzyme
H
ID - ID
substrate
R group
competive inhibition is…
when an inhibitor occupies the active site as it has a similar shape to the enzyme to the enzyme cannot form an enzyme substrate complex
enzyme catalysed reactions work faster until…
All enzyme active sites are being involved in the reaction so no more active sites are open for an enzyme to attach. So rate reaches its maximum
medicines contain…
pharmacores
the fit of a pharmacore into a receptor depends on…
- size and shape
- bond formation
- orientation
modifying pharmacores changes the
pharmalogical activity
optical isomers are…
mirror images of each other
a chiral carbon is…
One that has four different groups attached to it
chirals can rotate..
plane-polarised light
can molecules have more than one chiral centre?
yes
amines are…
organic derivatives of ammonia
do amines have a lone pair of electrons?
yes
amines lone pair of electrons mean it acts as a….
base
amines lone pair of electrons means it can….
form covalent bonds
amides are…
carboxylic acid derivatives
amides can be hydrolysed under…
acidic conditions
aldehydes and ketones have to functional group of
C=O
in aldehydes the C=O is found..
on the end of the molecule
in ketones the C=O is found…
in the middle of the molecule
acid anhydrides functional group is…
- COOCO -
phenols structure includes….
a benzene ring with a -OH attached
diols contain…
2 -OH groups
acyl chlorides are….
Derivatives of carboxylic acid
are carboxylic acids weak or strong?
weak
the functional group in an ester is…
-COO
esters can be hydrolysed to form..,
alcohols
carboxylic acids have a functional group of…
- COOH
di-carboxylic acids have…
2 -COOH grouos
addition polymers are formed from…
alkenes
what kind of polymer are polyesters and polyamides?
condensation
polyamides are made from…
di-carboxylic acid and diamine monomers
amide links form in___
polyamides
amide links can be broken by….
hydrolysis
polyesters are made from…
di-carboxylic acid and diol monomers
what link is formed in a polyester?
ester link
are addition polymers reactive?
no
nylons are a type of…
polyamide
some nylons are made from ___ types of ___
2
polymer
some nylons are made from _ type ____
1
monomer
what does the x stand for in…
nylon - x
the number of carbons in the monomer
what type of monomer can react with itself to make a nylon?
one that contains a carboxylic acid and amine
what is the m+1 in peak in mass spec caused by?
carbon - 13
carbon-13 NMR tells you…
no. of carbon environments
types of carbon environments
proton NMR tells you..
the no. of hydrogen atoms and
the environments the H’s are in
nuclei abosribs differnt amounts of energy due to…
differences in amount of shielding of electrons
the number of peaks in carbon-13 NMR =
the no. of different carbon environments
each peak in proton NMR represents..
a different hydrogen environment
in proton NMR the area under the peak tells you…
the no. of hydrogens in the environment
in proton NMR if a peak splits into a triplet…
there’s two hydrogens on the neighbouring carbon
in proton NMR if a peak splits into a doublet…
there’s one hydrogen on the neighbouring carbon
in proton NMR if a peak splits into a quartet…
there is three hydrogens on the neighbouring carbon
where does transcription occur?
cell nucleus
when a carboxylic acid is added to alcohol describe the steps needed to purify the ester. (5)
- warm alcohol until hot
- add minimum volume possible of alcohol for the ester to dissolve
- filter when hot and leave to cool
- collect crystals by filtering under reduced pressure
- wash them with cold solvent and dry
name the part of a molecule that binds to a receptor cell in the body
pharamacore
what is the test for aldehydes?
warm with Fehling’s solution
blue goes to orange
or
Tollens
silver mirror
explain the significance of the dashed line and wedge in a drawing of a molecule
1 mark
dashed line is a bond going behind the plane of paper
wedge is a bond going in front of a plane of paper
explain how a student can purify the solid by recrystallisation
3 marks
- dissolve the solid in minimum volumes of warm solvent
- filter to remove insoluble impurities
- cool and collect purer solid by filtration
