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A Level Chemistry > Polymers of Life > Flashcards

Polymers of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

amino acids contain….

A

basic amino group and carboxylic group

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2
Q

amino acids can exist as….

A

zwitter ions

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3
Q

a zwitter ion is….

A

a molecule that is overall neutral that has a positive a negative charge in different parts

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4
Q

describe primary protein structure

A

the sequence of amino acids that make the chain

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5
Q

describe secondary protein structure

A

hydrogen bonds form alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

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6
Q

describe tertiary structure of amino acids

A

extra bonds form giving it its three dimensional shape

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7
Q

what bonds are formed when a protein becomes tertiary?

A

ID-ID
ionic interactions
H bonds
disulphide bridges

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8
Q

DNA is made of _______ that contain a ______ , ____ and ____

A

nucleotides
deoxyribose sugar
phosphate
base

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9
Q

nucleotides join together to make…

A

a sugar-phosphate backbone

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10
Q

RNA doesn’t have the base _____ instead it has _____

A

thymine
uracil

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11
Q

the sugar-phosphate backbone is formed by….

A

a condensation reaction

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12
Q

adenine and thymine form ___ H bonds

A

2

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13
Q

guanine and cytosine form _ H bonds

A

3

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14
Q

DNA replicates via…

A

semi conservative replication

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15
Q

DNA _____ joins nucleotides together to form ____ ____

A

polymerase
new chains

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16
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

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17
Q

DNA codes for specific ____ ____ with sequences of ____

A

amino acids
triplets

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18
Q

what happens in transcription

A
  1. DNA unwinds to make 2 strands
  2. DNA base attracts free RNA nucleotides with complementary bases
  3. RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides to each other forming mRNA
  4. DNA coils back up
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19
Q

translation makes….

A

proteins

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20
Q

enzymes are….

A

biological catalysts

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21
Q

enzymes are highly…

A

specific

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22
Q

substrate is held in active site by __ bonds and ____ bonds between the _____ and _ ____ of the enzyme

A

H
ID - ID
substrate
R group

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23
Q

competive inhibition is…

A

when an inhibitor occupies the active site as it has a similar shape to the enzyme to the enzyme cannot form an enzyme substrate complex

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24
Q

enzyme catalysed reactions work faster until…

A

All enzyme active sites are being involved in the reaction so no more active sites are open for an enzyme to attach. So rate reaches its maximum

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25
Q

medicines contain…

A

pharmacores

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26
Q

the fit of a pharmacore into a receptor depends on…

A
  1. size and shape
  2. bond formation
  3. orientation
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27
Q

modifying pharmacores changes the

A

pharmalogical activity

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28
Q

optical isomers are…

A

mirror images of each other

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29
Q

a chiral carbon is…

A

One that has four different groups attached to it

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30
Q

chirals can rotate..

A

plane-polarised light

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31
Q

can molecules have more than one chiral centre?

A

yes

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32
Q

amines are…

A

organic derivatives of ammonia

33
Q

do amines have a lone pair of electrons?

A

yes

34
Q

amines lone pair of electrons mean it acts as a….

A

base

35
Q

amines lone pair of electrons means it can….

A

form covalent bonds

36
Q

amides are…

A

carboxylic acid derivatives

37
Q

amides can be hydrolysed under…

A

acidic conditions

38
Q

aldehydes and ketones have to functional group of

A

C=O

39
Q

in aldehydes the C=O is found..

A

on the end of the molecule

40
Q

in ketones the C=O is found…

A

in the middle of the molecule

41
Q

acid anhydrides functional group is…

A
  • COOCO -
42
Q

phenols structure includes….

A

a benzene ring with a -OH attached

43
Q

diols contain…

A

2 -OH groups

44
Q

acyl chlorides are….

A

Derivatives of carboxylic acid

45
Q

are carboxylic acids weak or strong?

A

weak

46
Q

the functional group in an ester is…

A

-COO

47
Q

esters can be hydrolysed to form..,

A

alcohols

48
Q

carboxylic acids have a functional group of…

A
  • COOH
49
Q

di-carboxylic acids have…

A

2 -COOH grouos

50
Q

addition polymers are formed from…

A

alkenes

51
Q

what kind of polymer are polyesters and polyamides?

A

condensation

52
Q

polyamides are made from…

A

di-carboxylic acid and diamine monomers

53
Q

amide links form in___

A

polyamides

54
Q

amide links can be broken by….

A

hydrolysis

55
Q

polyesters are made from…

A

di-carboxylic acid and diol monomers

56
Q

what link is formed in a polyester?

A

ester link

57
Q

are addition polymers reactive?

A

no

58
Q

nylons are a type of…

A

polyamide

59
Q

some nylons are made from ___ types of ___

A

2
polymer

60
Q

some nylons are made from _ type ____

A

1
monomer

61
Q

what does the x stand for in…
nylon - x

A

the number of carbons in the monomer

62
Q

what type of monomer can react with itself to make a nylon?

A

one that contains a carboxylic acid and amine

63
Q

what is the m+1 in peak in mass spec caused by?

A

carbon - 13

64
Q

carbon-13 NMR tells you…

A

no. of carbon environments
types of carbon environments

65
Q

proton NMR tells you..

A

the no. of hydrogen atoms and
the environments the H’s are in

66
Q

nuclei abosribs differnt amounts of energy due to…

A

differences in amount of shielding of electrons

67
Q

the number of peaks in carbon-13 NMR =

A

the no. of different carbon environments

68
Q

each peak in proton NMR represents..

A

a different hydrogen environment

69
Q

in proton NMR the area under the peak tells you…

A

the no. of hydrogens in the environment

70
Q

in proton NMR if a peak splits into a triplet…

A

there’s two hydrogens on the neighbouring carbon

71
Q

in proton NMR if a peak splits into a doublet…

A

there’s one hydrogen on the neighbouring carbon

72
Q

in proton NMR if a peak splits into a quartet…

A

there is three hydrogens on the neighbouring carbon

73
Q

where does transcription occur?

A

cell nucleus

74
Q

when a carboxylic acid is added to alcohol describe the steps needed to purify the ester. (5)

A
  1. warm alcohol until hot
  2. add minimum volume possible of alcohol for the ester to dissolve
  3. filter when hot and leave to cool
  4. collect crystals by filtering under reduced pressure
  5. wash them with cold solvent and dry
75
Q

name the part of a molecule that binds to a receptor cell in the body

A

pharamacore

76
Q

what is the test for aldehydes?

A

warm with Fehling’s solution
blue goes to orange
or
Tollens
silver mirror

77
Q

explain the significance of the dashed line and wedge in a drawing of a molecule

1 mark

A

dashed line is a bond going behind the plane of paper

wedge is a bond going in front of a plane of paper

78
Q

explain how a student can purify the solid by recrystallisation

3 marks

A
  1. dissolve the solid in minimum volumes of warm solvent
  2. filter to remove insoluble impurities
  3. cool and collect purer solid by filtration

A Level Chemistry (12 decks)

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