What is the central dogma?

Question 1

A description of information flow in the cell

Answer 1

The central dogma

basically the information in DNA is unraveled and decoded.

Question 2

What is the first step in getting information from DNA to protein?

Answer 2

1. Transcription

Question 3

what is the process of transcription?

Answer 3

RNA is made using a DNA parental template

From one nucleic acid to another

Question 4

what is the second step?

Answer 4

2. Translation

Question 5

what is the second step?

Answer 5

2. Translation

Question 6

what is the process of translation?

Answer 6

polypeptides get made using the information from a messenger RNA (remember polypeptides are a polymer of amino acids)
This process produces a specific sequence of amino acids

Nucleic Acid to Polypeptide

Question 7

What is the difference between DNA replication and Transcription?

Answer 7

Unlike DNA replication, transcription occurs one gene at a time

Question 8

A hereditary information consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA

Answer 8

GENE

Question 9

Can all genes be transcribed to make RNA?

Answer 9

YES

Question 10

The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (what is the process where DNA directs the making of proteins?

Answer 10

Gene expression

Question 11

What is the enzyme used in RNA transcription?

Answer 11

RNA polymerase

Question 12

How does RNA polymerase know where to start and where to end?

Answer 12

Terminator- ENDS- RNA polymerase falls off template and transcription has stopped
Promoter- STARTS-RNAP binds and begins transcription

Question 13

what is the function of the RNA polymerase?

Answer 13

similar to DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase adds new nucleotides onto a 3’ end of a growing RNA molecule

Question 14

What bonds are being formed during this addition of nucleotides?

Answer 14

phosphodiester bonds

Question 15

What is the template strand?

Answer 15

the template strand is where the RNA polymerase will attach and create RNA

Question 16

What is the non template strand or otherwise known as coding strand?

Answer 16

the coding strand is not read by the RNA polymerase

Question 17

Eukaryotes can modify their RNA before it goes through translation but prokaryotes cannot. What is this modification?

Answer 17

the changed made to the ends and interior sequences of RNA

Question 18

pre-mRNA

Answer 18

before modifications have been made

Question 19

Mature mRNA

Answer 19

modifications have been made

Question 20

What are the alterations made to the mRNA ends?

Answer 20

In the 5’Cap: modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5’ end

protects mRNA from degradation

the 5 cap also helps in attaching the mRNA to ribosomes

Question 21

3’ Poly Tail:

Answer 21

50 to 250 adenine (A) nucleotides are added to the 3’ end

protects from degradation

helps export mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm

Question 22

What is the goal of mRNA splicing?

Answer 22

mRNA splicing cuts out all the introns and keeps all extrons

Question 23

why does the cell not want introns?

Answer 23

introns are intervening as well as non coding. Therefore they aren’t useful in the next step of information decoding

Question 24

Encode proteins and useful for translation

Answer 24

exons

Question 25

which enzyme helps cut out these introns?

Answer 25

splicesome enzyme cuts out introns from pre mRNA and joins exons together.

Question 26

the process of polypeptide synthesis using mRNA sequence as a template

Answer 26

translation

Question 27

which enzyme helps synthesize polypeptides during translation?

Answer 27

ribosome rna ( rRNA)

Question 28

mRNA carries the

Answer 28

order of amino acids

Question 29

tRNA delivers

Answer 29

amino acids

Question 30

how are amino acids attached in order?

Answer 30

ribosome contains the ribosome rRNA enzyme and uses the information in mRNA to attack amino acids in order

Question 31

what energy is used in translation?

Answer 31

GTP (guanine)

Question 32

delivers amino acid to the ribosome during translation

Answer 32

tRNA

Question 33

what are the two parts of a tRNA?

Answer 33

1. Anticodon | 2. Amino Acid attachment site

Question 34

what is the amino acid attachment site?

Answer 34

amino acids are covalently bonded to the tRNA and each tRNA only carries one amino acid and that depends on the anticodon

Question 35

Enzyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids

Answer 35

Ribosome

Question 36

What are the two complexes that come with ribosome enzyme?

Answer 36

1. Ribosomal RNA rRNA | 2. Ribosomal proteins

Question 37

The ribosome contains 5 binding sites what are they?

Answer 37

one mRNA site (help make the active site) two tRNA sites A site ( new amino acid carrying tRNA binds) P site (tRNA that is holding a growing polypeptide binds) E site (empty tRNA leaves ribosome)

Question 38

what are some jobs the ribosome does?

Answer 38

- holds mRNA and tRNA together - positions new amino acid for adding to growing polypeptide chain - catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds

Question 39

what initiates translation?

Answer 39

a start codon

Question 40

how are amino acids added to growing polypeptides?

Answer 40

tRNA has the job of delivering amino acids to the ribosome by base pairing to mRNA codon in the A site (because the A site is where new tRNA binds) the rRNA enzyme has the job of creating the peptide bond between new amino acid and the already existing polypeptide chain ribosome moves 5'-3' down mRNA to read the next codon finally empty tRNA (no more amino acids being carried) is released

Question 41

What recognition terminates the process of translation?

Answer 41

recognition of the stop codon!

Question 42

what are some similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in transcription and translation?

Answer 42

Both eu's and pro's have synthesis of RNA using a DNA template for transcription Both eu's and pro's synthesis polypeptides using mRNA sequence as a template Ribosome is the enzyme used for both in translation they both use the same genetic code

Question 43

What are some differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes ribosomes?

Answer 43

- different types of rRNA and proteins used for both eu's and pro's - bacterial ribosomes are susceptible to antibiotics - eukaryotic ribosomes are not - translation startes before transcription is finished for prokaryotes

Question 44

because translation starts before transcription can finish in prokaryotes what does this allow to form?

Answer 44

polyribosomes (a chain of ribosomes)

Question 45

where does translation and transcription occur in prokaryotes?

Answer 45

in the cytoplasm

Question 46

what about transcription and translation in eukaryotes?

Answer 46

in eukaryotes timing and location is different for transcription and translation.

Question 47

where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 47

in the nucleus (because that is where DNA is found)

Question 48

where does translation take place in eukaryotes?

Answer 48

in the cytoplasm (where lots of ribosomes are found!)

Question 49

why are transcription and translation seperated?

Answer 49

well transcripts are processed before translation can begin and mRNA must be exported from the nucleus

Question 50

hey!

Answer 50

ur doing well (: