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Biology 107 THE CENTRAL DOGMA PART B > What is the central dogma? > Flashcards

What is the central dogma? Flashcards

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1
Q

A description of information flow in the cell

A

The central dogma

basically the information in DNA is unraveled and decoded.

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2
Q

What is the first step in getting information from DNA to protein?

A
  1. Transcription
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3
Q

what is the process of transcription?

A

RNA is made using a DNA parental template

From one nucleic acid to another

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4
Q

what is the second step?

A
  1. Translation
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5
Q

what is the second step?

A
  1. Translation
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6
Q

what is the process of translation?

A

polypeptides get made using the information from a messenger RNA (remember polypeptides are a polymer of amino acids)
This process produces a specific sequence of amino acids

Nucleic Acid to Polypeptide

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7
Q

What is the difference between DNA replication and Transcription?

A

Unlike DNA replication, transcription occurs one gene at a time

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8
Q

A hereditary information consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA

A

GENE

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9
Q

Can all genes be transcribed to make RNA?

A

YES

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10
Q

The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (what is the process where DNA directs the making of proteins?

A

Gene expression

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11
Q

What is the enzyme used in RNA transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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12
Q

How does RNA polymerase know where to start and where to end?

A

Terminator- ENDS- RNA polymerase falls off template and transcription has stopped
Promoter- STARTS-RNAP binds and begins transcription

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13
Q

what is the function of the RNA polymerase?

A

similar to DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase adds new nucleotides onto a 3’ end of a growing RNA molecule

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14
Q

What bonds are being formed during this addition of nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bonds

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15
Q

What is the template strand?

A

the template strand is where the RNA polymerase will attach and create RNA

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16
Q

What is the non template strand or otherwise known as coding strand?

A

the coding strand is not read by the RNA polymerase

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17
Q

Eukaryotes can modify their RNA before it goes through translation but prokaryotes cannot. What is this modification?

A

the changed made to the ends and interior sequences of RNA

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18
Q

pre-mRNA

A

before modifications have been made

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19
Q

Mature mRNA

A

modifications have been made

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20
Q

What are the alterations made to the mRNA ends?

A

In the 5’Cap: modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5’ end

protects mRNA from degradation

the 5 cap also helps in attaching the mRNA to ribosomes

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21
Q

3’ Poly Tail:

A

50 to 250 adenine (A) nucleotides are added to the 3’ end

protects from degradation

helps export mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm

22
Q

What is the goal of mRNA splicing?

A

mRNA splicing cuts out all the introns and keeps all extrons

23
Q

why does the cell not want introns?

A

introns are intervening as well as non coding. Therefore they aren’t useful in the next step of information decoding

24
Q

Encode proteins and useful for translation

A

exons

25
Q

which enzyme helps cut out these introns?

A

splicesome enzyme cuts out introns from pre mRNA and joins exons together.

26
Q

the process of polypeptide synthesis using mRNA sequence as a template

A

translation

27
Q

which enzyme helps synthesize polypeptides during translation?

A

ribosome rna ( rRNA)

28
Q

mRNA carries the

A

order of amino acids

29
Q

tRNA delivers

A

amino acids

30
Q

how are amino acids attached in order?

A

ribosome contains the ribosome rRNA enzyme and uses the information in mRNA to attack amino acids in order

31
Q

what energy is used in translation?

A

GTP (guanine)

32
Q

delivers amino acid to the ribosome during translation

A

tRNA

33
Q

what are the two parts of a tRNA?

A
  1. Anticodon

2. Amino Acid attachment site

34
Q

what is the amino acid attachment site?

A

amino acids are covalently bonded to the tRNA and each tRNA only carries one amino acid and that depends on the anticodon

35
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids

A

Ribosome

36
Q

What are the two complexes that come with ribosome enzyme?

A
  1. Ribosomal RNA rRNA

2. Ribosomal proteins

37
Q

The ribosome contains 5 binding sites what are they?

A

one mRNA site (help make the active site)
two tRNA sites
A site ( new amino acid carrying tRNA binds)
P site (tRNA that is holding a growing polypeptide binds)
E site (empty tRNA leaves ribosome)

38
Q

what are some jobs the ribosome does?

A
  • holds mRNA and tRNA together
  • positions new amino acid for adding to growing polypeptide chain
  • catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds
39
Q

what initiates translation?

A

a start codon

40
Q

how are amino acids added to growing polypeptides?

A

tRNA has the job of delivering amino acids to the ribosome by base pairing to mRNA codon in the A site (because the A site is where new tRNA binds)

the rRNA enzyme has the job of creating the peptide bond between new amino acid and the already existing polypeptide chain

ribosome moves 5’-3’ down mRNA to read the next codon

finally empty tRNA (no more amino acids being carried) is released

41
Q

What recognition terminates the process of translation?

A

recognition of the stop codon!

42
Q

what are some similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in transcription and translation?

A

Both eu’s and pro’s have synthesis of RNA using a DNA template for transcription

Both eu’s and pro’s synthesis polypeptides using mRNA sequence as a template

Ribosome is the enzyme used for both in translation

they both use the same genetic code

43
Q

What are some differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes ribosomes?

A
  • different types of rRNA and proteins used for both eu’s and pro’s
  • bacterial ribosomes are susceptible to antibiotics
  • eukaryotic ribosomes are not
  • translation startes before transcription is finished for prokaryotes
44
Q

because translation starts before transcription can finish in prokaryotes what does this allow to form?

A

polyribosomes (a chain of ribosomes)

45
Q

where does translation and transcription occur in prokaryotes?

A

in the cytoplasm

46
Q

what about transcription and translation in eukaryotes?

A

in eukaryotes timing and location is different for transcription and translation.

47
Q

where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

A

in the nucleus (because that is where DNA is found)

48
Q

where does translation take place in eukaryotes?

A

in the cytoplasm (where lots of ribosomes are found!)

49
Q

why are transcription and translation seperated?

A

well transcripts are processed before translation can begin and mRNA must be exported from the nucleus

50
Q

hey!

A

ur doing well (:

Biology 107 THE CENTRAL DOGMA PART B (7 decks)

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