internal cell structure Flashcards
prokaryotes don’ have..?
no nucleus
no organelle
no internal membranes
eukaryotes have an organelle called cytoplasm which contains
cytosol (semi-fluid substance containing dissolved ions and molecules
cytoplasm also contains (starts with r)
ribosomes for protein synthesis)
bacterial chromosome have what shape as DNA molecule?
circular and don’t contain histones (protein)
bacterial chromosomes don’t contain histones but they do contain
essential genes
bacterial plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA found in the
cytoplasm
what do bacterial plasmids do for cells (think advantage)
plasmids provide cells with an advantage
ex: R plasmid carries a gene for antibiotic resistance
how do eukaryotic ribosomes synthesize proteins?
attaching amino acid monomers
eukaryotic ribosomes are complexes of:
ribosomal proteins ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
what are the 2 possible locations that ribosomes exist?
- free ribosome which is
- not attached to a membrane
- make proteins that function in cytosol - bound ribosome
- attached to outside ER and nuclear envelope
- make proteins that are inserted into the membrane, function in organelles and are secreted from the cell
what is the endoplasmic reticulum?
network of membrane tubules and sacs called cisternae
where is the cisternae located?
in the lumen
*the ER is connected to the nucleus because its continued with nuclear envelope outer membrane
what is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?
rough ER is covered with bound ribosomes and is the site for protein synthesis
smooth ER doesn’t have ribosomes so no protein synthesis
contains enzymes for the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids
smooth ER
where do the molecules go after being made in the ER? (starts with g)
golgi appartus
how are these molecules transferred by?
by vesicles
what is the structure of the golgi complex?
flattened sacs (cisternae)
has two faces
contains modification enzymes that modify proteins as they move through the cis and trans face
the golgi has two faces, what are they? explain
cis and trans
cis face receives the vesicles from ER
trans face is where the vesicles will bud off and travel to other sites
what are ribosomes made up of?
two subunits, each consisting of rRNA and protein
what is the order of the synthesis of protein (place the cell components in correct order)
ribosome, rough ER, vesicle #1, golgi-cis face, golgi-trans face, vesicle #2, plasma membrane
which cell components are apart of making macromolecules?
rough ER, smooth ER, and vacoule
which cell component is not encased in a double membrane?
lysosome
what enzymes do lysosomes contain that catalyze hydrolysis reactions?
hydrolytic enzyme
what pH environment do these enzymes best work in?
acidic
what is phagocytosis?
food vacuoles and are absorbed into cytosol
what is the function of lysosomes?
to digest macromolecules
what are the functions of a vacuole?
- Food vacuole (phagocytosis)
- contractile vacuole
- central vacuole
organelles that work together to synthesize, transport and export proteins and lipids are called?
endomembrane systems
what organelle isn’t aart of the endomembrane sysetm
mitochondria
what is the function of the mitochondria ?
site of cellular respiration (makes ATP)
IS enclosed bya double membrane
site of photosynethss, that also is’t apart of the endomembrane system
similarities between the mitochondria and chloroplast:
-not apart of the endomembrane system
both enclosed by double membrane
contain DNA and ribosome
involved in metabolism
what does the endosymbiotic theory explain?
origins of mitochondria and chloroplast
endosymbiotic theory cont’d..
- small prokaryote was engulfed and lived in larger cell (archaea)
- both benefit from the relationship and evolved together
- small cell gets protection from harsh environment
- larger cell gets products of metabolism of the small cell
