internal cell structure

Question 1

prokaryotes don’ have..?

Answer 1

no nucleus
no organelle
no internal membranes

Question 2

eukaryotes have an organelle called cytoplasm which contains

Answer 2

cytosol (semi-fluid substance containing dissolved ions and molecules

Question 3

cytoplasm also contains (starts with r)

Answer 3

ribosomes for protein synthesis)

Question 4

bacterial chromosome have what shape as DNA molecule?

Answer 4

circular and don’t contain histones (protein)

Question 5

bacterial chromosomes don’t contain histones but they do contain

Answer 5

essential genes

Question 6

bacterial plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA found in the

Answer 6

cytoplasm

Question 7

what do bacterial plasmids do for cells (think advantage)

Answer 7

plasmids provide cells with an advantage

ex: R plasmid carries a gene for antibiotic resistance

Question 8

how do eukaryotic ribosomes synthesize proteins?

Answer 8

attaching amino acid monomers

Question 9

eukaryotic ribosomes are complexes of:

Answer 9

ribosomal proteins
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 10

what are the 2 possible locations that ribosomes exist?

Answer 10

1. free ribosome which is
   - not attached to a membrane
   - make proteins that function in cytosol
2. bound ribosome
   - attached to outside ER and nuclear envelope
   - make proteins that are inserted into the membrane, function in organelles and are secreted from the cell

Question 11

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 11

network of membrane tubules and sacs called cisternae

Question 12

where is the cisternae located?

Answer 12

in the lumen

Question 13

*the ER is connected to the nucleus because its continued with nuclear envelope outer membrane

Question 14

what is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

Answer 14

rough ER is covered with bound ribosomes and is the site for protein synthesis
smooth ER doesn’t have ribosomes so no protein synthesis

Question 15

contains enzymes for the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids

Answer 15

smooth ER

Question 16

where do the molecules go after being made in the ER? (starts with g)

Answer 16

golgi appartus

Question 17

how are these molecules transferred by?

Answer 17

by vesicles

Question 18

what is the structure of the golgi complex?

Answer 18

flattened sacs (cisternae)
has two faces
contains modification enzymes that modify proteins as they move through the cis and trans face

Question 19

the golgi has two faces, what are they? explain

Answer 19

cis and trans

cis face receives the vesicles from ER
trans face is where the vesicles will bud off and travel to other sites

Question 20

what are ribosomes made up of?

Answer 20

two subunits, each consisting of rRNA and protein

Question 21

what is the order of the synthesis of protein (place the cell components in correct order)

Answer 21

ribosome, rough ER, vesicle #1, golgi-cis face, golgi-trans face, vesicle #2, plasma membrane

Question 22

which cell components are apart of making macromolecules?

Answer 22

rough ER, smooth ER, and vacoule

Question 23

which cell component is not encased in a double membrane?

Answer 23

lysosome

Question 24

what enzymes do lysosomes contain that catalyze hydrolysis reactions?

Answer 24

hydrolytic enzyme

Question 25

what pH environment do these enzymes best work in?

Answer 25

acidic

Question 26

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 26

food vacuoles and are absorbed into cytosol

Question 27

what is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 27

to digest macromolecules

Question 28

what are the functions of a vacuole?

Answer 28

1. Food vacuole (phagocytosis) 2. contractile vacuole 3. central vacuole

Question 29

organelles that work together to synthesize, transport and export proteins and lipids are called?

Answer 29

endomembrane systems

Question 30

what organelle isn't aart of the endomembrane sysetm

Answer 30

mitochondria

Question 31

what is the function of the mitochondria ?

Answer 31

site of cellular respiration (makes ATP) | IS enclosed bya double membrane

Question 32

site of photosynethss, that also is't apart of the endomembrane system

Question 33

similarities between the mitochondria and chloroplast:

Answer 33

-not apart of the endomembrane system both enclosed by double membrane contain DNA and ribosome involved in metabolism

Question 34

what does the endosymbiotic theory explain?

Answer 34

origins of mitochondria and chloroplast

Question 35

endosymbiotic theory cont'd..

Answer 35

1. small prokaryote was engulfed and lived in larger cell (archaea) 2. both benefit from the relationship and evolved together - small cell gets protection from harsh environment - larger cell gets products of metabolism of the small cell