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Psycology 1/2 > What influences a person's perception on the world > Flashcards

What influences a person's perception on the world Flashcards

AoS 2

1
Q

Attention

A

Focusing on specific internal or external stimuli or aspects of sensory environment while excluding others

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2
Q

Top-down processing

A

Starting at the top with higher level processing and working from the whole ‘down’ to the details.

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3
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

perceptual processing that is built from new sensory imput, looking at the details of a stimulus before generating the whole interpretation.

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4
Q

Sensation

A

process of capturing sensory information

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5
Q

Perception

A

process of organising, recognising and interpreting sensory information

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6
Q

Sustained attention

A

maintenance of attention on one thing over an extended period

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7
Q

Divided attention

A

distributing attention so that two or more activities may be performed simultaneously

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8
Q

Selective attention

A

choosing and attending to a specific stimulus whilst at the same time excluding other stimuli

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9
Q

Distraction

A

when a stimulus interferes with attention

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10
Q

Inattention

A

lack of attention/failure to pay attention

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11
Q

Attention span

A

length of time an individual can concentrate/focus on/attend to a stimuli

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12
Q

controlled process

A

task requiring selective attention for it to be completed (usually a difficult or unfamiliar task)

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13
Q

automatic process

A

allows divided attention in order for it to be completed (usually easy or well-learned task)

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14
Q

what are some limitations in our brain’s attention

A
  • it is limited in its abilities
  • is selective in what it attends to
  • controllable (unconscious)
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15
Q

factors influencing our attention function

A
  • different levels of arousal
  • task difficulty
  • anxiety
  • skill development
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16
Q

visual sensation

A

captured light information from the environment to the eye

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17
Q

what are the key stages of visual perception

A

reception
transmission
transduction
selection
organisation and interpretation

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18
Q

what are some biological factors influencing visual perception?

A

eye
optic nerve
primary visual cortex

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19
Q

describe the role of the eye in visual perception

A

responsible for receiving light

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20
Q

describe the role of the optic nerve in visual perception

A

is the means of transmission, highway of neurons that connects retina to the primary visual cortex

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21
Q

describe the role of the primary visual cortex in visual perception

A

processing light information, part of the occipital lobe

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22
Q

what is depth perception?

A

the ability to judge distances and see the world in three dimensions

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23
Q

what are depth cues?

A

how we receive info from the environment or our body to tell us how far away an object it

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24
Q

what are the two different types of depth cues?

A

Binocular depth cues
monocular depth cues

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25
Q

What are monocular depth cues? Meaning

A

cues that require the use of one eye

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26
Q

What are binocular depth cues? (Meaning)

A

cues that require the use of two eyes

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27
Q

What are the binocular depth cues

A

retinal disparity
convergence

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28
Q

what are the monocular depth cues

A

accommodation
pictorial cues

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29
Q

what are pictorial cues?

A

Cues from the visual environment that indicate the distance of objects from an observer

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30
Q

List the pictorial cues

A

interposition
texture gradient
relative size
height in the visual field

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31
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

the slight difference of visual images between the right and left eye which enables us to make judgements about distance or depth

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32
Q

What is convergence?

A

the brain interprets depth and distance from changes in the muscle tension of the eyes

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33
Q

What is accommodation?

A

allows us to judge depth and distance by measuring how much the lens bulges and flattens depending on how far or close something is

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34
Q

What is interposition?

A

occurs when one object obstructs another and is perceived as closer

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35
Q

What is texture gradient?

A

the gradual reduction of detail that occurs on a surface as it recedes into the distance

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36
Q

What is relative size?

A

refers to the tendency to visually perceive the object that produces the largest image on the retina as being closer compared to another smaller object

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37
Q

What is “height in the visual field”?

A

refers to the location of an object in our field of vision

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38
Q

What are some psychological factors influencing perception?

A

gestalt principles
depth cues
visual constancies
perceptual set

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39
Q

What does it mean by “Gestalt principles”

A

a set of rules that we apply in the of organising and interpreting our perceptual experiences

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40
Q

What are “visual constancies”

A

principles that help maintain the perception of the world as stable, despite changes cast into the retinal image

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41
Q

What does it mean by “perceptual set”

A

the predisposition to perceive aspects of our environment in a way that is consistent with our expectations

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42
Q

List the gestalt principles

A

figure-ground
closure
similarity
proximity

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43
Q

What is proximity?

A

tendency to mentally group objects that are positioned closely together

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44
Q

What is ‘figure-ground’?

A

allows us to organise a visual scene by differentiating the stimulus (figure) away from the background (ground)

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45
Q

What is ‘closure’?

A

principle by which we tend to mentally fill any gaps in a visual stimulus and perceive it as a complete and meaningful whole

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46
Q

What is similarity?

A

the tendency to mentally group objects with similar qualities together as belonging to a whole (size shape texture colour)

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47
Q

What are psychological factors influencing perceptual set

A

context
motivation
past experiences
emotional stage

48
Q

What does ‘context’ refer to?

A

refers to the setting or environment in which a perception is made.

49
Q

How does context impact perception?

A

we are more likely to perceive a stimulus in a manner that is consistent with the environment in which it appears.

50
Q

What does ‘motivation’ refer to?

A

refers to our internal processes which activate behaviour that are directed towards achieving a particular goal.

51
Q

how does motivation impact perception?

A

we are more likely to perceive a stimulus in a way that is consistent with our desire

52
Q

What does ‘past experience’ refer to?

A

our personal experiences throughout life.

53
Q

How do our past experiences impact our perception?

A

readiness to perceive a stimuli in a way that is consistent with what we have previously encountered.

54
Q

What are social factors that influence perceptual set

A

culture/cultural background

55
Q

what does ‘culture’ refer to?

A

the way of life of a particular community or group that sets it apart from other communities and groups

56
Q

What are the different types of visual contancies?

A

size
shape
brightness

57
Q

What is size constancy?

A

Perceiving the size of an object to be stable, despite changes in the objects size as cast on the retina

58
Q

What is shape constancy

A

Perceiving the shape of an object to be stable, despite changes in the objects shape that are cast onto the retina

59
Q

What is brightness constancy

A

Perceiving the intensitiy of light of an object as stable, despite changes in the brightness of the object that are cast onto the retina

60
Q

What is gustatory perception?

A

Meaningfully interpreting sensations to generate taste

61
Q

what are taste buds

A

cells located around papillae that contain taste receptors

62
Q

What are the papille?

A

the tiny raised protrusions on the tongue that contain taste buds.

63
Q

What is ‘food culture’?

A

The common norms around eating, including flavour preference, eating patterns, beliefs and values about food.

64
Q

What are some biological factors that influence taste perception

A

age
genetics
illness
pregnancy

65
Q

What are some psychological factors influencing taste perception

A

Paste experiences
context
emotional state

66
Q

what are some social factors that influence taste perception

A

food culture

67
Q

How does age impact taste?

A

we become less sensitive to taste as we age, number of taste buds can decrease, takes longer to regenerate (especially after injury), mouth produces less saliva, sense of smell can diminish, these effects become more noticeable after the age of 60

68
Q

How do genetics impact taste?

A

genetics impact how taste information is received, the number of tastebuds we have, and genetic variations can account for flavour preferences

69
Q

How does illness impact taste

A

congested nose reduces taste

70
Q

How does pregnancy impact taste?

A

There can be hormonal and/or biological changes which could account for changes in taste

71
Q

How do out past experiences impact taste?

A

expectation for a similar experience

72
Q

How does the context of which food is eaten impact taste perception

A

the context in which a meal is presented can impact our expectations of its tatse based on previous assumptions

73
Q

How does our emotional state impact taste perception?

A

positive or negative associations

74
Q

what are the stages of taste perception

A

reception
transduction
transmission
interpretation

75
Q

Describe the process of reception in taste perception

A

physical stimulation of taste receptors through chemical tastants

76
Q

Describe the process of transduction in taste perception

A

The taste receptors convert sensory input into neural messages

77
Q

Describe the process of transmission in taste perception

A

the neural messages are sent via facial cranial nerves to the brain for interpretation

78
Q

Describe

A

Neural messages are sent via the

79
Q

What are perceptual distortions

A

errors in perception

80
Q

What can cause perceptual distortions

A

neurological disorders and genetic differences

81
Q

List some types of visual illutions

A

Muller-lyer illusion
ames room illusion
Ponzo illusion

82
Q

What aspect of vision is applied to the muller-lyer illusion

A

occurs because of the pictorial depth cue of linear perspective

83
Q

What aspect of vision is applied to the ames room illusion

A

applies past experience

84
Q

What aspect of vision is applied to the ponzo illusion

A

caused by a misapplication of pictorial depth of linear perspectiveWh

85
Q

what is fallibitlity?

A

The quality of being prone to error or experiencing difficulties sin judgement

86
Q

what is a visual illusion?

A

The perception of visual stimulus that conflicts with how it is in reality

87
Q

What is agnosia?

A

a disorder involving the loss or impairment of the ability to recognise familiar stimulus through the use of one or more senses, despite the senses functioning normally otherwise

88
Q

What are the different types of agnosia?

A
  • smell (olfactory agnosia)
  • sound (auditory agnosia)
  • touch (tactile agnosia)
  • taste (gustatory agnosia)
89
Q

What are the categories of visual agnosia?

A

apperceptive visual agnosia
associative visual agnosia

90
Q

What is apperceptive visual agnosia?

A

the inability to generate holistic perceptions of visual information

91
Q

What is associative visual agnosia

A

the inability to identify or recognise a visual stimulus. The perception is intact, but the ability to interpret this meaningfully is compromised

92
Q

What are the subtypes of visual agnosia

A

Prosopagnosia, Achromatopsia, Simultanagnosia, Topographagnosia,
Agnostic Alexia (pure Alexia)

93
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

The inability to recognise familiar faces

94
Q

What is Achromatopsia

A

the inability to distinguish between colours

95
Q

What is Simultanagnosia

A

The inability to recognise multiple objects in the same visual scene at the same time

96
Q

What is Topographagnosia

A

The inability to process spatial environments including familiar places

97
Q

what is Agnostic Alexia (pure Alexia)

A

The inability to recognise or interpret written words

98
Q

Why do we see illusions?

A
  • The physical nature of the visual stimulus
  • The characteristics of the eyes
  • The characteristics of our visual perceptual process
99
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

a perceptual experience in which stimulation of one sense involuntarily produces additional unusual experiences in another sense

100
Q

How does colour impact flavour and taste perception?

A

Can impact expectations of taste.

101
Q

What is spatial neglect?

A

(aka visual neglect) is a neurological disorder whereby individuals are unable to notice anything either on their left or right side even though there may be no sensory loss

102
Q

what factors influence taste perception?

A
  • perceptual set
  • colour intensity
  • texture
103
Q

What are supertasters?

A

People who have a relatively higher number papillae than the average person, giving them an increased sensitivity to taste

104
Q

What is a non-taster?

A

someone who has a lower number of papillae than the average person, giving them a decreased sensitivity to taste

105
Q

What is miraculin?

A

A protein found in miracle berries in west Africa that alters taste perception

106
Q

Describe the term ‘flavour’

A

Perceptual experience produced by a combination of taste and other sensations

107
Q

What does colour refer to in regards to flavour perception?

A

This refers to the colour of a food or beverage and its intensity

108
Q

Describe the term ‘texture’ in regards to food

A

Is the property of food/beverages that is felt in the mouth and contributes to flavour

109
Q

Describe the Muller-Lyer illusion

A

An illusion where the length of the central line of a stimulus is misjudged because if the lines attached to either end of the stimuli.

110
Q

Describe the Ames room illusion

A

An illusion that causes difficulty in accurately perceiving size based on an apparatus that manipulates depth cues

111
Q

What are the different types of synaesthesia

A

Chromesthesia
Grapheme-colour
auditory-tactile
lexical-gustatory

112
Q

What is chromesthesia

A

sound triggers perception of colour

113
Q

What is grapheme-colour synaesthesia?

A

Letters/numbers trigger perception of colour

114
Q

What is auditory-tactile synaesthesia?

A

Sound triggers perception of touch

115
Q

What is lexical-gustatory synaesthesia?

A

words triggering a perception of taste

116
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

Opposite side of the body

Psycology 1/2 (9 decks)

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