Headstart Psyc Flashcards
All stuff covered during headstart
Psychological response
response from mind
Emotions
temporary feeling from a situation
Examples of Psychological factors
Learning and memory
emotions
coping skills
Define sample:
smaller group of research participants selected from a larger group of interest
Nature
Hereditary Factors that influence development
Examples of Biological Factors
Sleep patterns
Genes
Risk of disease
7th stage of Erikson’s theory of social development (age, developmental period, psychosocial crisis)
25 to 65 years
adulthood
generativity vs. stagnation
A stage of Piaget’s theory that means one can think in a more sophisticated way and becomes increasingly able to mentally represent objects and experiences
Pre-Operational Stage
4th stage of Erikson’s theory of social development (age, developmental period, psychosocial crisis)
5 to 12 years
middle and late childhood
industry vs. inferiority
Define 2 key accomplishments achieved during the fourth stage of Piaget’s theory
Any of the following:
1. use of reason and logic
2. abstract thinking (does not rely on being able to see, visualise, experience, or manipulate something in order to understand.
3. idealistic thinking (comparing self and others to a perfect standard and striving to be that ideal)
4. the ability to solve problems systematically
describe voluntary participation
must be willing and free to participate
Briefly explain the case of Genie Wiley
Genie Wiley was a severly underdeveloped girl who had minimal human interactions until she was discovered at the age of 13. She was the height of a six-year-old and could not talk. Because of her severe isolation, she had very limited interations with her environment and did not develop key skills during the critical periods of her childhood.
A stage in Piaget’s theory where one develops more complex and sophisticated though processes
Formal Operational stage
6th stage of Erikson’s theory of social development (age, developmental period, psychosocial crisis)
18 to 25 years
young adulthood
intimacy vs. isolation
2nd stage of Erikson’s theory of social development (age, developmental period, psychosocial crisis)
18 months to 3 years
late infancy
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Maladaptive development
development of a skill that is not typical and appropriate for the environment
Define 2 key accomplishments achieved in the third stage of Piaget’s theory
- Conservation (understanding that the properties of something can remain the same even when the appearance changes
- Classification (ability to organise into categories based on common features)
Secure attachment leads to _________ emotional development, whereas insecure attachment is likely to lead to ________ emotional development
- “Healthy”
- “Unhealthy”
what are ethical considerations in an experiment?
voluntary participation, informed consent, withdrawal rights, debriefing, deception, confidentiality
assimilation
taking in new information and fitting it into an existing mental idea
A stage in Piaget’s theory that means a child is capable of true logical thought and can perform mental “operations” as well as the ability to accurately imagine the consequences of an event without its occurrence.
Concrete operational Stage
what is the acronym for remembering ethical considerations?
very inspiring women don’t drink coffee
3rd stage of Erikson’s theory of social development (age, developmental period, psychosocial crisis)
3 to 5 years
early childhood
initiative vs. guilt
Define 2 key accomplishments during the first stage of Piaget’s theory
- Object permanence (understanding that an object still exists even if it cannot be seen, heard or touched)
- Goal-directed Behaviour (the ability to achieve a goal by behaving in a way that meets the goal’s demands)
5th stage of Erikson’s theory of social development (age, developmental period, psychosocial crisis)
12 to 18 years
adolescence
identity vs. role confusion
Define population:
the entire group of research interest from which a sample group is drawn
Cognitive development
the development of mental processes over the lifespan
limitation : cultural perspectives and social norms
- what is typical in one culture may be different in another
- social norms are situational
Psychological development includes
emotional, cognitive and social development
What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
This theory suggests children undergo cognitive changes during certain periods of their childhood and can be classified into 4 distinct stages.
describe debriefing
informed of the aims, results, and conclusions and can be provided with support
Briefly describe Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation test
Measures the attachment relationship a child has with their primary caregiver.
An experiment conducted to determine the attachment behaviours of offspring and mother. (Nourishment and comfort)
Harry Harlow’s experiment on Rhesus monkey’s.
Development
relatively permanent or “lasting” progress over time
Secure attachment
Balance between dependence and exploration. Ises the caregiver as a safe space. Shows some distress when caregiver departs but can recover on return
Emotional Developement
continuous, life-long development of skill which allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions appropriately.
A stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development where an infant will explore primarily through their senses and motor activities.
Sensorimotor Stage
Psychological factors
Influences associated with mental processes
3 most common types of attachment and percentages of children
- Secure attachment (65%)
- insecure resistant attachment (12%)
- insecure avoidant attachment (20%)
8th stage of Erikson’s theory of social development (age, developmental period, psychosocial crisis)
65+ years
late adulthood
integrity vs. despair
Attachment
long-lasting emotional bond between two people
describe confidentiality
privacy must be protected and no privateor identifiable info can be used or published
What is the fourth stage of Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
Formal operational stage (12+ years)
describe informed consent
must be informed of the nature and purpose of the study, including any risks
Nurture
Environmental factors that influence development
genetic predisposition
an increased chance of developing a trait if certain conditions are met
Define 2 key accomplishments of the second stage of Piaget’s theory
Can be any of the following:
1. Symbolic thinking (ability to use symbols to represent objects that aren’t physically present
2. ecocentrism (having difficulty considering another person’s view
3. Animism (the belief that everything has a consciousness)
4. Transformation (understanding that something can change from one state to another)
5. Centration (when a child can only focus on one quality at a time)
6. Reversibility (the ability to mentally follow a sequence back to a starting point)
what is the Biopsychosocial Model
a model for considering psychological development and mental wellbeing
limitation: personal distress and maladaptive development
distress is highly variable among individuals
maladaptive development can depend on personal situations and factors
What is the third stage of Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
Concrete Operational stage (7-12 years)
What is a between-subjects design (independent groups)
one group is exposed to one experimental condition, and another group is exposed to a different experimental condition
limitation: statistical rarity
- some behaviours may be catagorised as atypical despite not being statistically rare
What are two key limitations to piaget’s theory?
- The theory is not generalisable (cannot be applied to other groups)
- May not be valid (may not measure effectively)
biological factors
physiologically based or determined influenced (often not under our control)
What are the 3 psychological criteria?
- cultural perspectivesand social norms
statistical rarity
personal distress and maladaptive development
1st stage of Erikson’s theory of social development (age, developmental period, psychosocial crisis)
From birth to 18 months
Early infancy
Trust vs. Mistrust
decribe withdrawal rights
are able to leave study at any time and can withdraw results from the study
Sensitive period
optimal development period for a specific function or skill to be learnt. Skills not leant in this period can be acquired later (may be harder to develop)
What is the first stage of Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development? (Include the age bracket)
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
Attachment theory suggests…
that the emotional bond between a child and their primary caregiver heavily influences the child’s emotional development
describe deception
must know the purpose of the study unless it will influence results and then must be adressed after experiment is finished
What is the second stage of Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development? (Include the age bracket)
Pre-operational Stage (2-7 years)
Insecure resistant attachment
infant is upset when caregiver is near. Extremely distressed by separations and cannot be soothed at reunions. May seek physical comfortant but may squirm away when being held
critical period
developmental period in which a specific skill or function much be learnt, and if not acquired during this time, may never develop (or maladaptive development)
Insecure avoidant attachmentt
does not seek closeness or contact. May not cry when caregiver leaves and will ignore them on return. May be a result of abuse or neglect.
Examples of social factors
social media
ethnicity
interpersonal relationships
test for considering emotional attachment
Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation
accommodation
changing an existing mental idea to fit new information
Social factors
Influences from our environment, as well as the influence of our interpersonal relationships
The biopsychosocial model demontrates the ____________ of the following _______
interaction of biological, psychological and social factors
list some extraneous variables
participant-related variables, non-standardised instructions and procedures, order effects, placebo effects, and experimenter effects.
As an individual ages, they move from ______ to ______ (in terms of thought processes)
- “concrete thinking”
- “symbolic thinking”
State 2 differences between sensitive and critical periods
- SP’s begin and end gradually, CP’s start and finish suddenly
- SP - a skill may be learnt later in life (may be harder) CP - a skill cannot be learnt if not developed during this period (or maladaptive development)
Physiological response
response from body
What is a psychosocial crisis?
internal conflicts linked to life’s key stages
what is a within-subjects design (repeated measures)?
the same group of participants are exposed to/participate in both experimental conditions
what is a single-blind procedure?
participants are unaware of their assigned condition
what is a double-blind procedure?
both the experimenter and the participants are unaware of the assigned conditions
what extraneous variable/s does the single-blind procedure eliminate?
eliminates placebo effects
what extraneous variable/s does the double-blind procedure eliminate?
Placebo effects and experimenter effects
