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Psycology 1/2 > Area of Study 2 > Flashcards

Area of Study 2 Flashcards

How are mental processes & behaviour influenced by the brain? 

1
Q

What is the brain vs. heart debate?

A

The brain vs. heart debate discusses whether the brain or the heart is the source of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.

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2
Q

Describe the heart hypothesis (brain vs. heart debate)

A

The heart hypothesis suggests that the heart is the source of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours and the brain has no purpose at all. Early philosophers and ancient Egyptians held this view.De

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3
Q

Describe the brain hypothesis (brain vs. heart debate)

A

The brain hypothesis suggests that the brain is the source of thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Greek philosophers held this belief, and it is not the accepted view.

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4
Q

1

What is the mind-body problem?

A

The mind body problem discusses the extent to which the mind and the body are seperate.

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5
Q

What is monoism (mind-body)

A

Monoism is the view that the mind and the body are a single, complete entity. (they are one)

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6
Q

What is the mind? (in terms of the mind-body problem)

A

Mind = Thoughts, consciousness and mental processes

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7
Q

What is the body? (in terms of the mind-body problem)

A

body = structure of the brain and the neurons it’s made up of

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8
Q

What is phrenology?

A

The study of the shape and size of the human skull to determine personality and mental functioning. The external form of the skull reflects the internal form of the brain.

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9
Q

How is intellect and personality determined (in regards to phrenology)

A

Intellect and personality come from the organisation and size of the different ‘organs’ of the brain.

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10
Q

What are Gall’s 3 principles

A
  1. faculties depend on the organisation of the brain
  2. the brain is made up of many ‘organs’ responsible for different mental faculties.
  3. The external form of the skull reflects the internal form of the brain.
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11
Q

Who developed phrenology and in what year?

A

Franz Joseph Gall, 1796

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12
Q

What type of science is Phrenology considered as?

A

Pseudoscience

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13
Q

What was an accurate element of Phrenology?

A

The theory of Phrenology correctly introduced the idea that different mental functions are located in different parts of the brain. (An early theory of brain localisation)

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14
Q

What is the difference between the mind and the brain?

A

The mind is a concept, whereas the brain is physical.

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15
Q

What are 3 first brain experiments?

A
  1. Brain ablation
  2. Brain lesioning
  3. Split brain research
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16
Q

What is brain ablation?

A

Brain ablation is the surgical removal, destruction, or cutting of a region of the brain.

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17
Q

What does brain lesioning involve?

A

brain lesioning involves the damage of brain tissues in animals and observing changes in the animals behaviour

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18
Q

What is split brain research?

A

This involved severing the corpus callosum and observing the effects

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19
Q

What was split brain research generally performed on?

A

Patients with epilepsy. This helped to treat the condition in addition to aiding research into hemispheric specialisation.

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20
Q

Which hemisphere is responsible for language?

A

The left hemisphere

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21
Q

What is a limitation of brain ablation/lesioning

A

a limitation is that both of these methods of research and usually irreversible and highly invasive, and the potential for great harm.

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22
Q

What does ESB stand for?

A

Electrical Stimulation of the Brain

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23
Q

Which two researchers performed ESB (Electrical stimulation of the brain)

A

Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzvig

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24
Q

What is ESB?

A

Electrical Stimulation of the brain involves electrically stimulating a specific area of the brain which results in a response. From this, it is assumed that area is responsible for that action

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25
Q

What is a key finding of ESB?

A

5 sites triggered distinct contralateral movements

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26
Q

What is a key limitation of ESB

A

It was primarily used on animals and may not be applicable to humans.

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27
Q

What does neuroimaging describe?

A

Procedures and devices used to scan the brain for information on structure and functioning

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28
Q

What are the two main catagories of neuroimaging techniques?

A

Structural techniques
Functional techniques

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28
Q

What are structural techniques of neuroimaging used to provide?

A

Use to provide information on brain structure (what is looks like)

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29
Q

What is Computerised Tomography?

A

(CT)A non-invasive structural technique of neuroimaging developed in the 1970s that uses X-rays to take 2D images of the brain.

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29
Q

how does computerised tomography work?

A

Computerised tomography (CT) involves dye or contrast being injected into the bloodstream.

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29
Q

What is Magnetic resonance imaging?

A

A non-invasive structural imaging technique developed in the 1970s that takes photographs of the brain using magnetic & radio fields.

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30
Q

What are functional techniques of neuroimaging used to provide?

A

Information on brain activity (brain function)

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30
Q

What are two structural neuroimaging techniques?

A

Computerised tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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31
Q

What are two functional neuroimaging techniques?

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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32
Q

How does magnetic resonance imaging work?

A

:the atoms in water molecules in the brain’s neurons vibrate and generate a signal that creates a computer image of the brain.

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33
Q

What is positron emission tomography?

A

PET is a non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique that uses radioactive glucose and produces coloured images of the brain.

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34
Q

How does positron emission tomography show brain function?

A

By injecting a patient with a radioactive glucose solution which enters the bloodstream, images are produced of the brain where different colours can indicate different levels of brain activity

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35
Q

What is functional magnetic resonance imaging?

A

fMRI is a non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique developed in the 1990s that uses the same methods as MRI but traces the biochemical changes in the brain that are reflected with different colours. (shows function and structure)

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36
Q

where is the hindbrain located?

A

at the base of the brain near the spinal cord

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37
Q

What is the hindbrain responsible for?

A
  • Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
  • Basic survival functions (autonomic functions, breathing,
    heart rate, digestion)
  • Coordination of muscle
    movement
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38
Q

what are the three main structures of the hindbrain?

A

Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum

39
Q

Where is the midbrain located?

A

Located at the centre of the brain, between the hindbrain and forebrain

40
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for?

A
  • Relaying messages between the hindbrain and midbrain * Filtering and directing sensory information
  • Regulating arousal
  • Alertness
41
Q

What is a key structure in the midbrain?

A

Reticular formation

42
Q

Where is the forebrain located?

A

Located at the top of the brain

43
Q

What is the forebrain responsible for?

A

Complex mental processes (decision making, problem-solving)
* Attention
* Filtering sensory information
* Maintaining homeostasis

44
Q

What is homostatis?

A

The body’s stable biological state

45
Q

what are key structures of the forebrain

A

Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

46
Q

WHat is the pons responsible for?

A

Regulates sleep, dreaming and some muscle movements and breathing.

47
Q

What is the medulla responsible for?

A

Controls internal organs and vital bodily functions (swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure)
Regulates cardiovascular and respiratory systems

48
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

the cerebellum coodinates fine muscle movements and regulates posture and balance.

49
Q

What is the reticular formation responsible for?

A

Helps screen incoming information as not to overload the brain. Alerts higher brain centres to important information. Helps to maintain conciousness.

50
Q

What is the RAS

A

The retulular activating system regulates alertness and modifies muscle movements, extends into hindbrain and links upper and lower areas.

51
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Filters information from almost all of the sensory receptors and relays it to the relevant parts of the brain for analysis

52
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

HYPO

A

Regulates body’s internal environment and hormones, connects the endocrine and nervous system in so they can communicate.

53
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

recieves and processes incoming and outgoing information
cerebrum and it’s outer cortex and primarily responsible for almost everything we think, feel and do.
Divided into two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus collosum

54
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

enables us to perform complez mental functions
responsible for personality and emotional behaviour

55
Q

What is a key part of the frontal lobe?

A

The primary motor cortex

56
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

PMC located at the rear of each frontal obe. The primary motor cortex is the part of the brain that controls voluntary movements by sending signals to the muscles.

57
Q

Which lobe is broca’s area located?

A

frontal lobe

58
Q

what is the broca’s area responsible for?

A

production of articulate speech (clear and fluent) and the coordination of the muscles of the lips, tongue andvocal cords to allow clear speech production

59
Q

What is a result from broca’s aphasia?

A

limit speech

60
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

recieves and processes sensory information from the body, skin senses and other sensory areas in the brain.
senses the body’s position in space
spacial reasoning

61
Q

which love is the primary somato-sensory cortex located in

A

the parietal lobe

62
Q

what does the primary somatosensory cortex do?

A

recvieves and processes sensory info allowing us to have bodily sensations like touch, temperature and pressure

63
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Selects, organises, and integreates the visual information and integrates that with other information (memory, language, sounds)

64
Q

What is a key area of the occipital lobe?

A

The primary visual cortex

65
Q

What is the primary visual cortex responsible for?

A

visual information is recieved and processed, the association areas then organise these into more complex forms to enable interpretation

66
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

responsible for the recognition of faces and objects, memories (personal experience and events, facts, how to do things) making decisions about features of the environment.

67
Q

What are two key parts of the temporal lobe?

A

Wernike’s area
primary auditory cortex

68
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

Neuroplasticity describes the brain’s ability to change structure or functions in response to experience

69
Q

What is developmental plascticity?

A

Developmental plasticity refers to changes in the brain that occur as a result of ageing and maturation (this ability diminishes over time)

70
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

the formation of synapses
(aka the production/birth of new neurons)

71
Q

What is synaptopruning?

A

The elimination of underused synapses

72
Q

What is mylination?

A

The creation of more efective communications to synapses

73
Q

What is experience-expectant plasticity?

A

brain change in response to environmental experience that is ordinarily expected
occurs mostly during development, describes and “species-wide”

74
Q

What is experience-dependent plasticity?

A

Experience-dependent plasticity involves brain change that modifies some part of its neural structure that is already present.
Depends on unique environmental experiences
not time dependent

75
Q

What is a brain injury?

A

any type of brain damage ordisorder that impairs or interferes with the normal brain function

76
Q

What is acquired brain injury

A

Acquired brain injuryis any brain injury that occurs after birth

77
Q

What are three impacts of acquired brain injury?

A

Traumatic brain injury
Aphasia
Stroke

78
Q

Describe traumatic brain injury

A

Caused by a blow to the head, or a sudden force knocking brain from front to back/vice versa

79
Q

What is the leading cause of brain injury?

A

Falling

80
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Aphasiais a language disorder resulting from an ABI to an area responsible for language production or processing.

81
Q

What are the two different types of strokes?

A

Ischaemic
Haemorragic
both block blood flow to the area, causing brain cells to die due to lack of oxygen

82
Q

What is the difference between Ischaemic and Maemorragic strokes?

A

Ischaemic strokes cause blockage, and haemorrhagic strokes cause a weakend blood vessel in the brain to burst

83
Q

What are symptoms of a stroke?

A

Numbness or weakness in the face, arm, leg, especially on one side of the body
speech disturbance
trouble seeing in one or both eyes
difficulty swallowing
nausea or vomiting

84
Q

What is the diagnostic process for a patient who has suffered as stroke?

A
85
Q

Effects of a stroke

A

A stroke can lead to permanent brain damage, disability or death.

86
Q

What are some treatments for a stroke?

A

Rehabilitation helps someone re-learn or find new ways of doing things that were affected by their stroke

87
Q

What are some strategies for maintaining and maximising brain functioning?

A

Mental stimulation
diet
Physical activity
Social support

88
Q

What does the homunculus represent?

A

It represents the sensory distribution of the body and

89
Q

What is the pre-motor cortex?

A

The premotor cortex is a region of the brain involved in planning and coordinating movements before they are executed.

90
Q

what is the pre-frontal cortex?

A

responsible for higher-level thinking, decision-making, and social behavior.

91
Q

How do the pre-motor cortex, primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex work together?

A

The pre-motor cortex coordinates movements before they are executed, the primary motor cortex sends messages to muscles for voluntary movements, and the somatosensory cortex sends signals to these parts of the brain with sensory information

92
Q

Hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebrum are located
in the

A

forebrain

93
Q

Which brain structure regulates the release of hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

94
Q

Psychology has its roots in______

A

philosophy

95
Q

The reticular formation helps to maintain______

A

Consciousness

96
Q

Early researchers found lots of information on the
_________ of the brain through post-mortems on
damaged brains.

A

Structure

97
Q

This are in the hindbrain controls vital bodily
functions essential for survival such as swallowing,
breathing, heart rate, and coughing

A

Medulla

98
Q

Wilder Penfield mapped the functions of the
_______________ using ESB.

A

Cerebral cortex

99
Q

What is Equipotentiality?

A

the ability for one part of the brain to take over the functions of an area that has been damaged.

100
Q
A

Psycology 1/2 (9 decks)

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