Social Cognition - how people are influenced to behave Flashcards
1
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Social cognition
A
how we interpret, analyse, remember and use ifo to make judgements about others and different situations
2
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Person perception
A
the mental processes used to form impresions of others
3
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Attributions
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an evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the proces of this evaluation
4
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Intimate Relationship
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relationship w/ friend, family, significant other
5
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interpersonal relationship
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no personal attachment, meeting someone new
6
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formal relationship
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professional relationship (workplace, etc.)
7
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first impression
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Initial thoughts on someone
8
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non-verbal communication
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sending/receiving information without spoken/written word
9
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attractive
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appealing/pleasing to the senses
10
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body language
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conious and unconcious bodily movements that convey feelings and attitudes
11
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personal attribution
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explanation of behaviour due to the characteristics of the person involved (internal factors)
12
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situational attribution
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explanation of behaviour due to factors expernal to the person involved
13
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Affective componant (Tri-componant)
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emotions and feelings towards something
14
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Behavioural componant (tri-componant)
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actions and behaviours that reflect out POV
15
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Cognitive componant (tri-componant)
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thoughts and beliefs about something
16
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emotional reactions
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choosing when/how to express feelings
17
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actions
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observable behaviour, usually related to a goal or achievment
18
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belief
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acceptence of the truth, reality or validity of something
19
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stigma
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negative label associated with dissaproval or rejection by others what aren’t labelled in that way
20
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Fundamental attribution error
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overestimating the influence of personal factors (in regards to attribution)
21
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Actor-observer bias
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blaming our own actions on external factors, while blaming other’s actions on internal factors
22
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self-serving bias
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attributing our own success to our own character and attributiing our failure to external factors or situational causes
23
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cognitive dissonance
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psychological tension that occurs when thoughts, feeling and/or behaviours don’t align
24
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cognitive bias
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concious, systematic tendencies to interpret information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality
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false-consensus bias
overestimating the degree to which others share the same ideas and attitudes as we do
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confirmation bias
tendency to search for info that confirms/supports prior beliefs or behaviours and ignores contradictory information
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saliency bias
any characteristic that is distinctive, prominent, conspicuous, or noticable and therefore attracts its attention
28
social catagorisation
process of classifying people into different groups on the basis of common characteristics
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Heuristics
information processing strategies or 'mental shortcuts'
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Characteristics of 'everyday decisions' (in regards to heuristics)
- Rapid
- instinctive
- Automatic
- error prone
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Characteristics of 'complex decisions' (in regards to heuristics)
- slow
- deliberate
- effortful
- reliable
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what are the types of heuristics?
- Availability heuristic
- Anchoring (adjustment) heuristic
- Representative heuristic
- Affect heuristic
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What is base-rate fallacy?
Type of bias in which decisions and perception are influenced by memories or experiences rather than statistical fact
34
What are anchoring (adjustment) heuristics?
Involves forming judgements based on the first piece of info received about an idea/concept
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What is a negative influence of the anchoring (adjustment) heuristics?
This type of heuristic can lead to misinterpretation
36
What is a positive influence of the anchoring (adjustment) heuristic?
It can help save time or reduce cognitive load
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What are availability heuristics?
These enable us to make judgements or decisions based on easily accessible info
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What is a negative influence of the availability heuristics?
The information that is relied on may not be the best for the moment
39
What is the representative heuristic?
This involves making a categorical judgement about an object or idea based on their similarity to other items in that category
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What is a positive influence of the representative heuristic?
Can be helpful as it allows us to be adaptive in different situations
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what is the affect heuristic?
uses emotions to make a judgement or decision
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What is a positive influence of affect heuristics?
Allows us to assess risks which can positively impact our decision making
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what is cognitive dissonance?
Psychological tension that occurs when feeling, beliefs and actions don't align
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What is cognitive bias?
systematic error of judgement and faulty decision-making
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stereotyping
grouping people into a category based on common characteristics
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what are negative consequences of stereotyping?
Can lead to prejudice, which results in discrimination and stigma
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prejudice
a negative attitude/pre-conception held against people from a certain group
48
majority group
AKA ingroup
group considered to have more power in a particular place
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Minority group
group considered to have less power compared to the majority
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What are Blumer's four characteristics of the majority group?
1. Tend to believe they are superior to the minority
2. Tend to believe the minority group is different from them
3. Tend to believe the are more important and powerful than the minority group
4. Show insecurity, fearing the minority group may become more important and powerful
51
What is discrimination
Negative behaviour directed towards a group and its members that arises from prejudice
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Behaviour
Actions in response to environmental or internal stimuli
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Direct discrimination
When someone is treated unfairly because of a personal characteristic
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Indirect discrimination
Practice/rule applied to everyone that unfairly disadvantages one group
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What is an example of indirect discrimination?
A trainstation only having stairs to a platform and no lift, meaning a wheelchair user or elderly person would be discriminated
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Self-stigma
Negative attitudes and internalised shame that people may have on themselves or their own condition
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Social stigma
Discrimination based on perceived characteristics that distinguishes people from others in society
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Stereotypes
a generalisation about the personal characteristics of members of a social group
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What is an issue with stereotypes?
the are an oversimplified belief that ignore individuality
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According to Anthony R. Praktanis, we use heuristics when one of five of the following conditions are met:
1. When we are faced with TMI
2. When there is limited decision making time
3. when the decision to be made is unimportant
4. Little info is provided for the decision making
5. when an appropriate heuristic comes to mind at the same moment
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Types of prejudice
Old-fashioned prejudice, modern prejudice, explicit prejudice, and implicit prejudice
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What is old-fashioned prejudice?
openly rejecting members of a minority and their views towards them are obvious and recognisable
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What is modern prejudice?
is a type of prejudice that is more subtle, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted
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What is explicit prejudice?
consciously held and usually deliberately thought about
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What is mental wellbeing?
current state of mind, including thinking processes and the regulation of emotions
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Self-efficacy
Belief in their ability to reach and achieve their goals
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Self-esteem
confidence in ones own abilities/worth
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Intergenerational trauma
untreated trauma that is passed onto following generations
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How can Prej/dis/stigma impact wellbeing?
- mistrust in relationships
- mental health issues
- substancea abuse
- lower self-esteem
- self-stigma
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What is a group?
two or more people who interact, influence, an share common purpoes with each other
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What are characteristics of a group?
- >/= 2ppl
- must interact for more than a few moments
- influence each other
- share common purpose or goal
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What are some ipmacts that prej/dis/stigma can have on GROUP mental wellbeing?
- can cause mistrust on local, national or global scale
- can lead to social isolation
- heightened anxiety
- can create barriers to accessing treatment
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What is a descendent?
An entity that is descended from a particular ancestor
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Impacts of intergenerational trauma on descendents
- dificulties with attachment
- disconnection from extended families and culture
- high levels of stress
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What are 3 different ways we can reduce prejudice
| Public services
Through:
- eductation
- law enforcement
- Media and advocacy
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What are some 'methods of reducing prejudice'
- Intergroup contact
- sustained contact
- superordinate goal
- equality of status
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What is the role of education in reducing prejudice?
- Can challenge negative attitudes
- can reduce cognitive biases
- can help those targeted by normalising their feelings so they feel supported
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What is the role of law enforcement in reducing prejudice?
can reduce the impacts prejudice has on personal and public wellbeing
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What is the role of the media and advocacy in reducing prejudice?
- helps to raise awareness
- can encourage peopel to report discrimination and abuse
- can provide education
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What is intergroup contact?
Increasing contact between two groups that are prejudiced toward each other
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What is sustained contact?
Ongoing conact, in/directly, to break down an individual stereotype
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What is the contact hypothesis?
certain types of contact between two groups can reduce prejudice. Must have 'mutual interdependence' present
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What is mutual interdependence
A dependence on each other to achieve a goal or outcome
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What is a superordinate goal?
A goal that cannot be acheived by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals each group may have.
85
What does equality of status mean?
This means that groups must have equal status to reduce the prejudice between them.
86
Distinguish between social cognition and person perception.
Social Cognition involves all the ways we think, perceive, judge, evaluate and understand others and their behaviour Whereas Person perception refers to the mental processes we use to think about and evaluate other people
87
What are some factors that influence first impressions?
Physical Appearance
Body Language
Behaviour
Salience Detection
Social Categorisation
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What are some limitations of the tri-component model in explaining attitudes?
89
How are attitudes formed?
They are learned through experience
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what are attitudes?
an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group etc.
91
What are some characteristics of attitudes?
92
What are the benefits of non-verbal cues?
93
why are stereotypes an ineffective way of perceiving someone?
- it ignores individuality
- it can be inaccurate, formed with little to no evidence
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