What distinguishes an expert from a person of intermediate skill in a given domain Flashcards
1
Q
1st paragraph
A
- Definition of expert
- Performance of novice (limited/inflexible)
- Why we study experts
2
Q
2nd paragraph
A
- Norman (1982) five areas of expertise (smoothness, automaticity, mental effort, degradation, POV)
- Norman (1982) analysis of modes of skill acquisition: skill accretion, skill structuring, learning by analogy, skill tuning
- Skill accretion - encoding of new info in pre-existing schemas
- Skill structuring - Creation of new conceptual structures
- Learning by analogy - adaptation of schema to new situation
- Skill tuning - fine adjustments
3
Q
3rd paragraph
A
- Ross et al (2005)
- Experts notice meaningful patterns and characteristics that novices may overlook
- Experts spend more time analysing
- Experts have superior metacognitive skills
- Experts better at detecting problems
4
Q
4th paragraph
A
- Ericsson & Charness (1994)
- Graph
- 10000 hours in order to develop world leading performance
- Degradation of skill if practice isn’t continues
- Key difference is determination/persistence of experts
5
Q
5th paragraph
A
- Some argument that experts are genetically predisposed
- Prodegies
- Ericsson (1994) anyone can become an expert
- Prodigies showed promise, and practiced from a young age
- Got a head start
6
Q
6th paragraph
A
- Chiesi (1980) ppts with a high knowledge of baseball recalled passage about baseball better and quicker and forgot less
- Experts perform better on tests of their skill than novices
- Hunt (1977) undergraduates in high and low verbal ability using SATs, given tests of information processing ability, high ability group significantly faster on LTM access and speed of manipulation
- No difference in WM capacity
- Experts have faster speed of processing -> automaticity
- Deary & Der (2005) - speed of processing correlates with healthier and longer life -> experts are healthier and live longer than novices?
7
Q
7th paragraph
A
- Voss et al (1984) - agricultural problem to russian/non-russian political scientists, chemists and undergraduates, experts spent longer on initial representation of problem
- Experts tended to produce only a few solutions
- Glasser and Chi (1988) -physics problems, experts thought through the problem for much longer -> knowledge is richer and so longer to ponder
- Chi et al (1981) experts more time analysing and understanding physics problem, solved them 4x faster than novices
- Novices perceive problems at superficial level
- Experts work forward, novices work backwards
8
Q
8th paragraph
A
- Experts only excel in their domain
- Chase and Simon (1972) chess experts recall more realistic chess position displayed for 5 seconds
- Didn’t have any spacial recall advantage over random place layouts
- Chess expert clearly have spatial superiority when playing, don’t have superior spatial skills in things other than chess
- Regnier et al (1993) elite athletes have faster reaction times and perceptual discrimination in their domain, under lab conditions don’t
9
Q
9th paragraph
A
- Expert differ in many ways
- Information processing, problem solving, persistence and knowledge
- Superior knowledge base, faster info processing, longer when solving problems, more persistence
- Only evident in their given domain
- May seem completely different, when compared in something which isn’t their field of expertise, no significant differences
