WH2 Vocab. Unit 2 (Renaissance)

Question 1

ideas

Answer 1

historical categories that express a culture’s own sense of itself and it position in history. They often have little to do with the real historical experience of the period they pretend to explain

Question 2

City-States

Answer 2

individual regions ruled centrally from a single city

Question 3

Reconquista

Answer 3

a period of about 700 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule.

Question 4

Firneze (Florence)

Answer 4

“the center of gravity during the Renaissance”, the center of the Medici family, [add more]

Question 5

Ponte Vecchio

Answer 5

a patron supported bridge that spans the Arno River and served as a central marketplace

Question 6

Duomo

Answer 6

a patron (Medici) supported church (by Brunelleschi). It is the largest church in Florence and one of the great symbols of Roman Architecture.

Question 7

Palaza del Signori or Palazzo Vecchio

Answer 7

Old Palace. a patron supported building celebrated for its defensive posture and beauty.

Question 8

Santa Croce

Answer 8

a patron supported convent known for creating a warmer experience for Church-goers

Question 9

Santa Maria Novella

Answer 9

a patron supported convent known for creating a warmer experience for Church-goers

Question 10

Piazza

Answer 10

large square (open area or plaza)

Question 11

Aristocracy

Answer 11

highest class. They held control of florence w/wealth, political councils, trade routes, influence… Some did mot work for their money but through inheritance and the passage of land (feudal land=power). Others got power through market economy

Question 12

Social Mobility

Answer 12

a system where men could work their way into the aristocracy though industry, intelligence, and drive.

also through marriages, partnerships, friendships, alliances

Question 13

guilds

Answer 13

trade union. They maintained considerable economic, political, and social power. Each guild controlled all of the workers in a specific field, monopoly

Question 14

Major Guild

Answer 14

Merchant class of the Aristocracy. considerable wealth/influence.

judges/notaries, importers of foreign cloth, wool manufacturers, silk merchants, bankers, FURriers, and doctors and pharmacists

Question 15

Minor Guilds

Answer 15

artisan and skill workers. Middle class. less influence than major guilds.

Question 16

Miserabili

Answer 16

lowest order of society; unskilled workers. not enough little/no skill jobs for all of Miserabili, resorted to begging or crime.

Question 17

republic

Answer 17

a government run by a small body of people on top. Florence spent most of its time as a republic. more open and inclusive the signory

Question 18

signory

Answer 18

a government run by one leader. less open and inclusive than a republic

Question 19

House of Medici

Answer 19

powerful clan who took control of Italy though banking trade. Gained entry though votes, ousted competitors, converted to signory

[Add More]

Question 20

Nicolo Machiavelli

Answer 20

a premier political philosopher of the Renaissance. Secular thinker. Exiled by Medici family and in exile, wrote “the Prince”

Question 21

The Prince

Answer 21

Nicolo Machiavelli’s most famous worker. “a veritable how-to for men seeking political power and control. Examined how to build a successful republic or by what means a person might learn of the governments in ancient Greece and Rome

Question 22

wool industry

Answer 22

employed one-third of Florence’s residents during 14th and 15th centuries. Held ultimate power and wealth.

Top to bottom: merchants and manufacturers who sold the wool, minor guilds who dyed the wool, miserabilli who washed them.

100 million dollars+ a year

Question 23

banking industry

Answer 23

another industry as well as force by which economical and political power was gained

Question 24

Letter of Credit

Answer 24

allowed people to buy something with promise of payment later. Florentines did not need to travel with large bags of cash or possess the means to pay at the moment; mostly on reputation

Question 25

Bill of Exchange

Answer 25

a letter of credit based on the exchange of currencies. Measured currencies against each other.

Some would switch to a currency wait for a rise in value and switch back to original currency

Question 26

Endorsement

Answer 26

…of bills of exchange was the process where one would switch to a currency wait for a rise in value and switch back to original currency. Similar to endorsing a check.

Question 27

Insurance Policies

Answer 27

for cargoes of merchandise; venders or owners would pay the banks fees in case of some destruction to their property

Question 28

Holding Companies

Answer 28

where each branch of an organization opened under a new partnership between “partner/manager” and “central owner”; added capital and safeguards. Small impact on central owner and manager if went bankrupt with no affect on other branches or central bank.

Question 29

gold florin

Answer 29

Florence’s single unit of currency in the middle of the 13th century. First European city to move to a single init of currency. Merchants of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East preferred this sound, stable, and fairly universal unit of currency.

Question 30

Humanism

Answer 30

the philosophy that took hold of literature, education, science, and art during the Early Renaissance.

1) Roman and Greek thinkers should be upheld and studied for their writings; antiquity and paganism
2) man as an individual should be celebrated for his abilities and greatness

[Add More]

Question 31

Antiquity

Answer 31

the ancient past; especially the MIddle Ages. A big theme of Humanism is appreciating texts of the antiquity

Question 32

ad-fontes

Answer 32

“to the source”, focusing on the ancient world (Middle Ages).

Question 33

Studia Humanitatis

Answer 33

new system of education. New curriculum included a well-rounded education that included anything related to humanities

Question 34

Gioto

Answer 34

first examples of Renaissance painters. His art showcases some remnants of Medieval thinking while displaying modern concepts of perspective and subject. Created art for the Pope. Made great freehand circles.

Question 35

Masaccio

Answer 35

first examples of Renaissance painters. His art showcases some remnants of Medieval thinking while displaying modern concepts of perspective and subject.

Question 36

Botticelli

Answer 36

went further in art than Gioto and Masaccio depicting more non-religious art (greek, roman myth), real-life settings, or just celebrating the importance of people through portraiture.

Question 37

Donatello

Answer 37

went further in art than Gioto and Masaccio depicting more non-religious art (greek, roman myth), real-life settings, or just celebrating the importance of people through portraiture.

Question 38

Da Vinci

Answer 38

went further in art than Gioto and Masaccio depicting more non-religious art (greek, roman myth), real-life settings, or just celebrating the importance of people through portraiture.

Question 39

Michelangelo’s David

Answer 39

principle example of transition in sculpture. Perfection of human form (nude), defined muscles, detailed expressions, shadow and depth

Question 40

Brunelleschi

Answer 40

the creator of the Duomo in Florence. Arguably the most famous architect to emerge from the Renaissance

Question 41

Patrons

Answer 41

merchants and bankers who sought to further their mark on florence by giving back to the community through the production of great art. Funded artists since “support is most useful when it comes in the form of money”

Question 42

christendom

Answer 42

the worldwide body or society of Christians. Christendom became especially larger during the High Middle Ages.

Question 43

Knights

Answer 43

a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor. Lesser nobles who fight and do not own land. Given land by nobles in exchange for fighting services; also a “vassal”

Question 44

Peasants/Serfs

Answer 44

an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord’s estate. Peasant who is tied to land Owned not by a person but by the land itself; work the manor lands for a lord

Question 45

Artisans

Answer 45

a worker in a skilled trade. Primarily composed the minor guilds