WH1 Vocab. Unit 2.2 (Islam)

Question 0

Umayyad Caliphate

Answer 0

a caliphate whose caliphs are all descendants of Utahan’s grand father. They held the Middle East for a good period of time but eventually were all but one massacred. He fled to Spain or Al-Andalus and restarted the caliphate there.

Question 1

Caliph; Caliphate

Answer 1

Caliphate is a noun meaning both a leadership position (like the presidency) and the geographic area that the leader controls. The caliph is the person who rules the caliphate, just as an emperor is the person who rules an empire

Question 2

Mawali

Answer 2

new-converts to Islam during and after the Umayyad Dynasty. By social hierarchy, the mawali were treated as lower class citizens than even non-Muslim Arabs causing much dispute in the Umayyad and future reigns.

Question 3

Jizya

Answer 3

“the non-believer tax”

This was a tax paid by people who didn’t believe in Islam or a book religion???.

Question 4

Abbasid Caliphate

Answer 4

(750 - 1258 CE) This caliphate succeeded the Umayyad since their leaders became too secular and would have “the Golden Age of Islam” due to much flourishing of culture and scholarly intellect. Since the demise of the Umayyad, the Abbasid was formed by non-Arabic and Shi’a muslims causing their name of Abbasid to be chosen from the paternal uncle of Muhammad “al-Abbas”. the Abbasid fell due to over reliance on minorities, treatment of mawali, turk slave(mamluks)/influence, a power change which caused territories to start breaking off

Question 5

Mamluks

Answer 5

Turk Slaves

Question 6

House of Wisdom

Answer 6

or Bayt al-Hikma. Abbasid leader al-Mumun decided to spread the idea of Muslims obeying only one leader by creating the House of Wisdom. the House of Wisdom was not jus a symbol of pride and glory, but a university in Bagdad where greek and Indian ideas joined, principle of fylasafa was taught (rational thought); trade networks, Fiqh and Shari’a

Question 7

Fiqh

Answer 7

the Islamic philosophy of Jurisprudence as taught in the House of Wisdom. How a judge should make decisions in a case.First school was created by Abu Hanifah

Question 8

Faqih

Answer 8

early legal theorists; studied Qur’an to find guidance. behavior like Muhammad = good behavior.

Question 9

Sunnah

Answer 9

positive actions in regard to faqih study about good behavior.

Question 10

Hadith

Answer 10

stories about personal interactions with Muhammad. They were originally individual texts or a “hadith” but later came to be compiled

Question 11

Isnad

Answer 11

accompanying origin description with each Hadith; helps determine the validity and trustworthiness of each hadith

Question 12

Qadis

Answer 12

Islamic Judges; had to carry out jurisprudence (how to make decisions in a court)

Question 13

Shari’a

Answer 13

Islamic law based on the Qurʻan, Hadith, Fiqh, and Legal Scholars

Question 14

the Four Books

Answer 14

the Shi’a version of the Hadith. The Four Books include the life of Muhammad, the twelve legitimate imams, Fatima (muhammad’s daughter).

Question 15

Ijtihad

Answer 15

individual judgement based upon reason. These judgements were for questions that aren’t completely answered in the Qur’an or not attended to (eg. birth control/contraception)

Question 16

Mujatahid

Answer 16

accomplished scholars who had the capacity to make independent judgements on questions no or not fully answered in the Qur’an

Question 17

Al-Andalus

Answer 17

…or Spain. This is where one of the last Umayyads fled once dethroned. 711, infiltrated by muslims.

Question 18

Qadi

Answer 18

a chief to oversee the judicial system and administer various charities. One Qadi to a Caliphate.

Question 19

Kharaj

Answer 19

Andalusian land tax. this “involved surveying the exact property owned by each landholder, assessing how fertile it was and recording what sorts of plants could grow there to determine its exact valu”

Question 20

Abd al-Rahman III

Answer 20

One of the richest men of the Islamic world. This leader, brought Cordoba of Al-Andalus to its cultural apex.

Question 21

the Mahdi

Answer 21

the “infalliable” god sent leader of the umma. like the Messiah? Used as a basis for political legitimacy in the eyes of the first Almohad leader.

Question 22

Reconquista

Answer 22

is a centuries-long period in the Middle Ages in which several Christian kingdoms succeeded in reconquering the Iberian Peninsula from the Islamic kingdoms collectively known as Al-Andalus.

Question 23

Iqta

Answer 23

a grant of the right to collect taxes on a certain area of land. This was originally given to military leaders with one chieftain to another but became passed to descendants.

Question 24

Fatimid Caliphate

Answer 24

an Islamic caliphate of Egypt (Shi’a).

Question 25

Vizier

Answer 25

A high-ranking official. While most caliphates were Sunni, Shi’a viziers ruled over land as well.

Question 26

First Crusade

Answer 26

1095. Calledd by Pope Urban III. He called upon christians to “take back the holy land”. Equipped with the element of Surprise, not only did they do so, but also implemented 4 political entities/kingdoms

Question 27

fuedal

Answer 27

feudalism: a system where nobility held land of the crown in exchange for military service making vassals of land

this way of controlling land was implemented when in the First Crusade’s europeans started conquering land

Question 28

Mawdud

Answer 28

a governor who led the first counter-offense from the Islam world against the Crusaders. He defeated a section of the Franks but was murdered in 1113

Question 29

Franks

Answer 29

the french or germanic people. they were credited for being crusaders and receiving influences from Al-Andalus and the evolving Islamic world

Question 30

Zengi

Answer 30

The next Muslim to confront the Christian presence around Jerusalem; another governor of Mosul. He conquered and expanded Muslim rule to the point where he eliminated one of he four Crusader states. He is very important for he was the first to use jihad against the Europeans making jihad a propaganda tool.

Question 31

Nur ad-Din

Answer 31

Zengi’s succeeding second son. He was even more victorious in his campaign than Zengi and also used jihad as a propaganda tool.

Question 32

the Second Crusade

Answer 32

1145. this was caused by Zengi’s victory in Edessa and prompted by Pope Eugene III. This was an utter failure for rather than going off to fight in the Holy Land, the Crusade took a detour to try and take over the Iberian Peninsula where they were both defeated and broke apart.

Question 33

Saladin (Salah ad-Din)

Answer 33

Sent by Nur ad-din to take the Fatimid caliphate but joined sides with them once Jerusalem exploited their allegiance with the Fatimid to attack. He eventually became the leader of all the land when Nur ad-din died but struggled with political legitimacy because he wasn’t Shi’a or Arab but Sunni and Kurdish. 1187 CE, Saladin invaded and recaptured the Kingdom of Jerusalem, annihilated Crusader forces and captured muslim-phobic Reynald de Chatillon

Question 34

Kurdish

Answer 34

of relating to the Kurds, people of Kurdistan

Question 35

the Third Crusade

Answer 35

this was prompted by The Battle of Hattin and the fall of Jerusalem and led by King Richard I who had a very formal relationship with Saladin where Jerusalem was given back to the Crusaders as a wedding present