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animal husbandry and welfare > welfare leglistaltion > Flashcards

welfare leglistaltion Flashcards

1
Q

what is the animal wefare act 2006

A

covers all domestic animals including vertebrates
is an offence to cause an animal unnecessary suffering
duty of care on owners to ensure the welfare of their animals

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2
Q

what other acts are geneeral animals covered by

A

-welfare of animals tranposrt order 2006 (all domestic animals including vertebrate and cold blooded invertebrate animals )
-mutilations 2007
-animal welfare sentience act 2022 ( animal sentience enshrined in UK law, all vertebrates and some invertebrates)

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3
Q

What acts are farm animals protected by

A

-animal welfare act 2006
-welfarre of farmed animals regulations 2007 (prevents unnecessary suffering and specific requirements for ensuring welfare)
- mutilations 2008 (all mutilations are banned under animal welfare act but some allowed under this like castration, dehorning, disbudding..)
-welfare of animals at time of killing
- welfare of animals markets order 1990 (welfare when selling)

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4
Q

what are lab animals protected by

A

animal scientific procedures act

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5
Q

what are companion animals protected by

A

animal welfare act 2006
mutilations 2007
dangerous dogs act 1991
pet animals act 1952
animal boarding establishments act
breeding of dogs act 1973, 1991
breeding and sale of dogs welfare act 1999

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6
Q

what are wildlife animals protected by

A

wildlife and countryside act 1981
dangerous wild animals act 1976

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7
Q

what are circuses and zoo animals protected by

A

performing animals act 1925
zoo licensing act 1981

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8
Q

how are vets involved with animal legislation

A
  • hav eprofessional responsibility to know animal welfare
    -advise your clients
    -professional witness in court
  • enforcement authority (DEFRA and RSPCA)
    -policy development
    -expert witness
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9
Q

where to find legislation and codes of england for animal welfare

A

https://www.gov.uk/animal-welfare

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10
Q

what are welfare codes

A

booklets that contain relevant legislation for keeping specific species
- set out legal standards and mean failure to comply with law subject to preosecution
tell best practice advice but not the law
- guidance on maintiaining high standards of husbandry
- failure to comply can be used to back up prosecution
- require updating

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11
Q

WHat is the FAWC

A

farm animal welfare committee
formed in 1979
independent government advisory body
review welfare of farm animals on land, at market, in transit and slaughter
publishes independently, recommendations to government can be implemented by legislation and welfare codes

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12
Q

what does brexit mean for welfare legislation

A

uk free to change its own animal welfare laws (raise or lower standards)
but welfare standards impact on trade and trade negotiations so new trade agreements could lead to downward pressure on uk standards to remain competitive

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13
Q

WHat does animal welfare sentience act 2022 mean and include

A
  • response to brexit
  • repsonse to development in animal welfare science on sentience of fish and crustaceans and cephalopods
  • ministers must give all due regard to possible negative impacts of new legislation on animal welfare, leaving scope for ministers to conclude that other factors outweigh animal welfare considerations
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14
Q

What did animal welfare act 2006 introduce

A

introduced a duty of care on owners of all vertebrate animals to ensure the welfare of animals in their care. Those responsible for the enforcement of welfare laws can take action if an owner is not taking all reasonable steps to ensure the welfare of their animal even if it is not currently suffering

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15
Q

what animals are protected by the animal welfare act 2006

A

vertebrate animals other than man that are:
- commonly domesticated in the british isles
- under control of man permanently or temporarily
- not living in a wild state

labarotory animals not included as protected by scientific procedures act

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16
Q

who has responsibility for animals in the animal welfare act 2006

A

owners
those in charge of animals permanently or tempoaraiiy
parents or guardians of under 16 year olds (not kids)

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17
Q

how does the animal welfare act 2006 prevent harm

A
  • stops offences (unnecessary suffering section 4)
    = act/failure to act causes unnecessary suffering to a protected animal
    reasonable knowledge that act/failure to would cause suffering
    didn’t prefent actions of others that caused suffering
  • stops administration of poisions
  • fighting
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18
Q

What is unnecessary suffering

A
  • if conduct wasn’t for a legitimate purpose e.g. benefits the animal (vet treatment) , protecting person, property or other animal
  • suffereing not proportionate to purpose conduct concerend
  • if suffering could have been avoided or reduced
  • conduct by a reasonaly competent and humane person
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19
Q

what are mutilations

A

carrying out a procedure on an animal which involves interference with
the sensitive tissues or bone structure of the animal, other than for medical
treatment

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20
Q

what mutilations are banned

A

ear cropping, tail docking in dogs (except medical treatment, or certain working dogs)
not banned = spaying, castration, dehorning

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21
Q

what is the duty to ensure welfare (section 9 in animal welfare act 2006)

A

states it is an offence for person responsible not to take reasonable steps to ensure needs of animal are met in accordance with good practice, including:
-suitable environment
-diet
-ability to exhibit normal behaviour
- housing with/away other animals
-protection from suffering, injury and disease
porvsion for licensing or registration of activities involving animals , prohibition of sale to animals to children under 16
can’t give animals as prizes

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22
Q

what are the different enforcement powers

A

Formal Powers of Enforcement, Animal Health Plant Agency ,
Local Authority Officers (Trading Standards), Police
* RSPCA or other welfare charities investigate and bring
prosecutions under this act also but no formal powers. If
want to seize, enter or search premises, they need the
owner’s consent. If no consent need to be accompanied by
one of above (police)
* Police will also prosecute, especially if severe case, especially
if links to human abuse or sexual abuse or organised gangs or
violence

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23
Q

what is a care/improvement notice under the animal welfare act 2006

A

– If responsible person failing to secure welfare of
an animal, inspector may serve care notice
– Notice specifies nature of failure, steps required
for rectification and compliance period
– No offence if recommended steps are taken

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24
Q

When/ what does taking possession of animals include

A

if suffering/likely to suffer if circumstances do not
change, with veterinary certificate or without if
reasonable in the circumstances
 can include dependent offspring
 can care for where found or at other appropriate place
 powers of entry to search for protected animals

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25
Q

Can an animal be destroyed under the animal welfare act 2006

A

By inspector/constable with veterinary certificate, or
without veterinary certificate if reasonable in the
circumstances

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26
Q

what can enforecement powers do under the animal welfare act 2006

A
  • Seizure of animals involved in fighting
  • Entry and search under warrant/for arrest
  • Inspection in connection with
    licences/registration
    – Compliance
    – Records
  • Inspection of farm premises
  • Prosecution
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27
Q

What can happen post-conviction

A

Imprisonment or fine
– Term up to five years, fine
* Deprivation orders
– Animals removed
* Disqualification orders
– Owning or keeping animals
* Seizure orders where disqualification breached
* Termination/variation of disqualification – court
decides, appeals also allowed

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28
Q

How are farm animals protected by legislation

A

On Farm
– Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022
– Animal Welfare Act 2006
– Welfare of Farm Animals Regulations 2007
– Mutilations Permitted Procedures
– Welfare of Animals During Transport Order 2006 (EU
Council Regulation (EC) 1/2005)
* Market
– Welfare of Animals at Market
* Slaughter
– Welfare of Animals at Time of Killing 2013 (Public Health )

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29
Q

sources of poor farm animal welfare

A

Cruelty (Animal Abuse)
* Neglect
* Farming systems
– Intensive
– Production Diseases
– Deprived Environments
– Volume driven markets-
– ie cheap food

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30
Q

what is the aim of welfare legislation

A

Prevention of deliberate, acts of cruelty
– UNNECCESSARY SUFFERING
* Measures to ensure reasonable quality of life of
animals
– DETERMINING WELFARE STANDARDS TO WHICH
ANIMALS MUST BE KEPT

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31
Q

current challenges with farm animal welfare

A

Concern that new free trade deals will mean that UK will accept
animal products from countries with lower welfare standards
– Bad for consumer
– Welfare often costs money, undermine our own farms
competitiveness
– Concern that create downward pressure to compete in global markets
– Currently UK government says, no, this will not happen
* Continued Intensification
* New food species.. Aquaculture…
* Global Trade (new diseases and animal movement)
* Climate Change
* Population Growth
* Food Security Issues- balance animal welfare, availability of
affordable food

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32
Q

What are the general requirements for welfare of farmed animals regulations 2007

A

– The welfare of animals under their care
– That animals are not caused unnecessary pain unnecessary
suffering
– Staff - trained competent
– Frequency of inspection
– Bedding well maintained and dry, well drained lying area
– Ill injured animals treated without delay, veterinary advice
sought
– Record keeping – MORTALITY / MEDICINES
– Freedom of movement
– Buildings equipment clean not cause injury
– Feed and water
– Breeding practices

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33
Q

most common reasoin farmers fall short of the farm animals regulations

A

not getting veterinary advice asap, so injured animals are treated with delay

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34
Q

where to find farmed animals regulations 2007

A

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/2078/contents/made
separate additional ones for species that is being continuosly updated as EU/UK legislation changes
2012 changes to battery changes

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35
Q

what are the rules around calves castration

A

– Calves over 2 months require anaesthetic
– Rubber rings first week of life only
– Calves over 2 months must be castrated by vet
– Calves under 2 months may be castrated by trained competent
person using a bloodless castrator (Burdizzo)

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36
Q

what are the laws around dehorning/disbudding

A

 All ages local anaesthetic
 Dehorning paste < 1 week
 Suitable trained and competent person

37
Q

what do the welfare codes contain

A

Welfare Regulations
* Tagging Regulations
* Movements
* All species
* Disease Control
Regulations

38
Q

what is the BVA position on farm animal mutilations

A

all calves should receive pain relief and local anaersthetic

39
Q

what are the laws around sheep castration

A

Castration using a rubber ring or other device to constrict
the flow of blood to the scrotum on animals aged not
more than seven days. When any other method is used,
an anaesthetic must be administered where the animal is
aged three months or over

40
Q

what are the laws around sheep tail docking

A

Tail docking using a rubber ring or other device to
constrict the flow of blood to the tail on animals aged not
more than seven days. When any other method is used
an anaesthetic must be administered. In all cases,
enough of the tail must be retained to cover the vulva of
a female animal or the anus of a male animal

41
Q

what is bva opinion on transporting livestock to be slaughtered

A

animals should be slaughtered as close to their farms of
origin as possible

42
Q

what are some welfare issues in transport

A
  • Handling/Loading
  • Injury:- other animals, vehicles
  • Fighting/ Mixing/social disruption
  • Food and water withdrawal
  • Acceleration, motion, vibration
  • Fatigue
  • Noise
  • Confinement
  • Thermal challenges
43
Q

what are some economic losses involved with transport

A

Spread of disease
* Decreased carcass/meat quality
– Stress
– Weight loss
– Injury
* Mortality

44
Q

welfare issues in poultry transport

A

Depopulation of houses
– time pressure
– Leg pain in broilers/turkeys
– Fractures in laying hens
* Thermal stress
* Journey times
* Access to feed and water

45
Q

welfare issues in pig transport

A

Fear at loading/unloading
Goad use, mixing stock
Poor Facility design e.g. Ramp angles, dark
vehicles and lairages
Heat stress and dehydration
* Motion sickness
* Overcrowding
* Injuries from
– Trampling
– Suffocation

46
Q

welfare issues in cattle transport

A

Loading and unloading – goad use, stick marks and bruising,
bad ramps
* Transport of young animals-
– DAIRY MALES
– VEAL CALVES/BEEF CALVES
* Mixing young bulls
* Lactating cows require milking
* Adequate Feed and Water
* Stocking Rates allow lie down and rest

47
Q

welfare issues in sheep transport

A

Fear during loading and unloading – dogs and people
* Frequency of transport
* Heat stress
* Space allowances – greater for unshorn and pregnant
animals
* Feed provision during rest stop

48
Q

what is the relevant legislation for transporting animals

A

Welfare Transport Order 2006
* Regulation compulsory across EU
* All member states supposed to comply
* Level playing field
* Very little scope for interpretation
* All vertebrate animals transported

49
Q

what are the general provisions of the welfare of animals transport order 2006

A

All animals, except pets accompanying owner on private journey or travelling
to a veterinary premises
* General Provisions
* The journey is properly planned and time is kept to a minimum and the
animals are checked and their needs met during the journey
* The animals are fit to travel
* The vehicle and loading and unloading facilities are suitable
* Those handling animals are trained or competent in the task and do not use
violence or any methods likely to cause unnecessary fear, injury or suffering
* Water, feed and rest are given to the animals as needed, and sufficient floor
space and height is allowed
* Certificate of competence of driver
* Vehicle design
* Specific requirements for each species and also according to length of journey

50
Q

what is the advice on fitness to travel for animals

A

No animal shall be transported unless it is fit for the intended journey,
and all animals shall be transported in conditions guaranteed not to
cause them injury or unnecessary suffering
owners decision only advise
cannot transport :
ill/injured (unless minor injury, can bear weight on all legs, can walk unaided onto the transporter or if going to emergency veterinary treatment)

51
Q

things to consider when deciding if animal is fit to travel

A
  • Disease/injury
  • Age (young animals)
  • Pregnancy
  • Lactation
52
Q

what are the different roles of horse

A

-pleasure
-competetion / gambling
-pets
- working animals
- wild horse populations

53
Q

what are the different uk legislations about horses

A
  • animal welfare act 2006
  • riding establishments act 2018 (need license to have a riding school)
  • welfare of animals transport
    -control of horses act 2015 (fly grazing and abandoned horses)
  • the equine identification regulations 2018
54
Q

roles of welfare organisations

A

care and rehabilitation of welfare cases
education
research
prosectuion

55
Q

name some equine welfare organisations

A

bransby home of rest for horses
the donkey sanctuary
redwings horse sanctuary
the horse trust
the blue cross

56
Q

what are current issues in equine welfare

A
  • delayed euthanasia
  • lack of recognition of pain behaviour
  • obesity
  • issues in older horse health
  • large worm burdens
  • lack of biosecurity
  • transporting live animals
  • injuries/fatalities racing/competing
  • indiscriminate breeding
  • overworking at young ages
57
Q

what are causes of poor equine welfare

A
  • knowlesge of horse/donleys needs
  • access to suitbale facilites
  • social norms (“responsible ownerships”)
    = economic
    -cruelty and intentional neglect
  • large scale industries and practices
58
Q

envrionment for horses

A

need for companionship (herd animals)
safe (no risk of injury)
hygenic
turnout (outside)
adequate space
minimum time alone

59
Q

suitable diet for horses

A

high fibre forage diet
access to grazing
if not causes obesity, emaciation, dental, behavioural, colic problems

60
Q

natural behaviours for horses

A

grooming one another
rolling
gallopng round field
need companionship

61
Q

company for horses

A

donkeys form close pairs, so if one passes away is important to make sure they have another partner
need herd for horses

62
Q

what is a wild animal

A

species that typically lives in the wild without human intervention
not domesticated species
includes both free- living and captive animals

63
Q

what is uk leglistation about wild animals
free living and captive

A

animal welfare act (some invertebrate)
free living:
wild mammals protection act 1996
- wildlife and countryside act 1981
captive:
- animal welfare act 2006
- pet animals act 1951
- animal welfare (licensing of activities involving animals)
- welfare of wild animals travelling circuses
- zoo licensing act 1981
- welfare animals transport order

64
Q

wild animal welfare issues

A
  • naturally occuring (disease, predation, droughts, fires floods…)
  • anthropogenic ( factors that result directly/indirectly from human actions, habitat loss, hunting….)
65
Q

welfare issues affecting free-living wild animals

A

world animal protection indentify 3 categories:
1) human encorachment into habitats
2) trapping, hunting and fishing
3) trade in live wild animals or their parts

66
Q

anthropogenic issues to wild animals in the uk

A

Loss of habitat
* Pollution/Litter
– Injury/death to many animals
* Disease
– avian flu, squirrel pox, TB
* Traffic accidents
* “pest control”
– Ethical issues
* hunting, snaring and trapping
* Competition, predation by escape of non native species (American mink)

67
Q

welfare problems from habitat loss

A

Displacement from feed, shelter,
social groups
* Disturbance of natural behaviour,
movement patterns and
migration routes
* Fragmentation of populations
and separation of social groups.
* Disturbance of breeding and
nesting sites, which can lead to
increased offspring mortality
* Increased predator vulnerability
* Increase in inter-species
aggression and competition.
Competition with livestock for
food and water
* Animals may suffer from fear due
to the close presence of human
beings
* In addition, severe pain, injuries
and death caused result from
Colliding with man-made objects,
e.g. vehicles, buildings, fences
etcCompetition with livestock for
food and water
* Animals may suffer from fear due
to the close presence of human
beings
* In addition, severe pain, injuries
and death caused result from
Colliding with man-made objects,
e.g. vehicles, buildings, fences
etc.

68
Q

different ways humans encroach on wild life

A
  • habitat loss due to buildings
  • pollution due to rubbish, chemicals, light/heat pollution
  • human contact can cause disease. domestic predators (cats) and disturbance
  • eco tourism (can cause fear and disturbance)
69
Q

potential solutions to encroachment

A
  • think about impact of human development and land use, local, national and international levels
  • stop further disturbance into undeveloped areas
  • Create habitats in
    human developments
    e.g. urban wildlife,
    gardens, green spaces
  • Creation of wild life
    corridors
  • Creation of national
    parks, protected areas
  • Rewilding and habitat
    restoration
70
Q

what is involved with trapping, hunting and fishing

A
  • wildife used for food and other products
    -wildlife conflict with local communities (competition for food, risk to livestock and crops, population control)
  • recreation and sport
  • inadvertant (caught wrong species in nets, or trapped under boats)
71
Q

effects of trapping, hunting and fishing

A

Inhumane methods lead to pain & fear before
death
– Attempts to escape lead to injuries, disease & painful
death
– Fear & frustration due to separation from their group
– Fear due to presence of predator (hunter, dogs etc.)

72
Q

solutions to trapping, hunting and fishing

A

Protection of wild animal &
environment
* Use of appropriate traps
fishing nets
* Anti-poaching/trapping
units
* Non-wildlife related projects
that benefit local people
* Provision of alternative &
‘safe’ protein source

73
Q

what is the demand for trade in live wild animals

A

– Pet market, e.g. parrots
– Celebrity culture/social media
– “Tiger King”
– Zoological collections, e.g.
cetaceans
– Hunts, e.g. lions, cheetah,
leopard etc.

74
Q

problems around trade of wild animals

A
  • capture and transport ( inhumane traps, death of offspring, overcrowded, inadequate conditions, fear, starvation and disease)
  • shops (lack of knowledge, spread of disease and parasites, overcrowded stressful situations)
  • owners (lack of knowledge/resources to provide for needs, animal cannot express natural behaviour, neglect once novelty has worn off)
75
Q

solutions to trade in wild animals

A
  • Promote education & awareness
  • Promote community-based, sustainable management of
    wildlife
  • Increase legislation & enforcement
  • Promote alternative livelihoods
  • Target end-market!!!
76
Q

what is CITES

A

convention on International Trade in Endangered SPecies of wild fauna and flora
International agreement to control the
international trade of endangered species of
animals and plants
* Originally 25 member countries in 1973, there are
now 169 countries party to the Convention

77
Q

what does CITES do

A
  • Species are categorised according to the level of
    threat imposed on them by international trade
  • A species CITES status affects the ability to trade
    in that species
    – CITES Appendix I affords the greatest
    protection
  • Strength of CITES depends on the introduction
    and enforcement of laws by the member Parties
    (countries)
78
Q

welfare legislation around captive wild/exotic animals

A

Animal Welfare Act 2006
* Pet Animals Act 1951
* The Animal Welfare (Licensing of Activities Involving Animals)
Regulations 2018
* The Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976
* CITES
* Circuses, Zoos,
– Performing Animals Act 1925
– Zoo Licensing Act 1981 (Amendment) (England and Wales)
Regulations 2002. D
* Animal Welfare ( Sentience) Act 2022

79
Q

welfare issues of captive wild/exotic animals

A

Welfare directly controlled by
those that keep them
– Zoos
– Rescue & rehabilitation
– Wild/Exotic pets
– Farming e.g. ostriches, alligators
– Working e.g. elephants

80
Q

welfare issue of exotic pets relating to provision of food and water

A

Correct diet
* Method of presentation
* Feeding frequency
* Nutritional balance
* Hygiene
* INADEQUATE
NUTRITION VERY
COMMON PROBLEM IN
EXOTIC PETS

81
Q

welfare issues of exotic pets relating to their environment

A
  • Appropriate environmental
    conditions for comfort and well-
    being can be very difficult to get
    right for wild animals:
  • Appropriate light levels,
    temperature, hygiene, shelter,
    non injurious, ventilation
  • Very specific require specialist
    knowledge by owners
  • Away / or with from people other
    animals
82
Q

welfare issues of exotic pets relating to provision of health animal health care

A

Knowledge of common diseases
* Routine observations & records of:
– Condition, health & behaviour
* Enclosure size & design must avoid injury
* Enclosure must protect animals from:
* Predators
* Build-up & spread of disease &
parasites
* Appropriate veterinary care must be
available

83
Q

welfare issues of exotic pets relating to expression of normal behaviour

A

Understand biology, habitat &
husbandry needs in natural
environment
* Life in captivity must meet
these needs!
* Encourage species-specific
normal behaviour & minimise
abnormal behaviour

84
Q

welfare issues of exotic pets relating to protection from fear and distress

A

Cared for by qualified & experienced staff
* Handling avoids discomfort, distress or injury
* Appropriate housing:
– Promote feeling of safety & security
–Housing social species together
–Providing a place to escape
–Preventing conflict (e.g. separating male
animals)

85
Q

assessing zoos for animal welfare concerns and justifactions

A

concerns: captive environment and compromised welfare of captive individuals
benefits : conservation through research, education, conservation and re-introduction, protection
justification : highest standard of housing and care, promotion of education, research and conservation

86
Q

wild life rehabilitation ethical considerations

A
  • if rescued injuries can be treated and recovery is likely
  • rescuers hace sufficient resources, expertise and facilities
  • animal can be returned to the wild
    so it is acceptable
  • if animal cannot be treated then should be humanely euthanased
87
Q

wildlife culling ethical considerations

A

for lethal intervention to be sanctioned need to have:
- evidence showing species was cause of economic loss, damage, disease…
- cost-benefit analysis of inttervention including likely effects on population + environmental impact
- cost- benefit analysis of appropiate changes to the affected business
- consideration of species’ value to society
- culling acceptable welfare standards

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animal husbandry and welfare (7 decks)

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