Food Production

Question 1

What percentage of household cost goes on food

Answer 1

13%

Question 2

How many farms in agri food sector and how many employed

Answer 2

219,000
0.5 mil employed directly
1 in 7 in food sector - supports other industries

Question 3

What percent of uk land use goes to agriculture

Answer 3

70%
35:65 crop to grassland ratio

Question 4

what foods are most self sufficient (grown in uk)

Answer 4

cereals - 90%
dairy and eggs - 82%
meat - 74%
Veggie & 50%
Fruit - 16%

Question 5

What are intensive farms

Answer 5

Animal to high production yield in short time - lot of effort (,breed, food )
Shorter growth period high input/output
High stocking density

Question 6

What are extensive farms

Answer 6

Longer growth period
Low input and low output
Low stocking density

Question 7

What percent of farmland is organic

Answer 7

3%
More constraints and money needed

Question 8

What is stratification

Answer 8

Utilizing different breed characteristics and climate dependent husbandry types to cross breed

Question 9

What is the pig pryamid

Answer 9

Breeder
Weaner / grower
Finisher

Question 10

How to work out gross margin

Answer 10

Output - variable costs

Question 11

What is the gross costs

Answer 11

Fixed costs :
Rent interest
Rates utilities
Staff

Question 12

What is output

Answer 12

Calf sales
Premium
Subsidies
Replacement

Question 13

Whatare variable costs

Answer 13

Animal feed
Vet
Staff
Heating
Building
Automation

Question 14

what is fresh weight

Answer 14

weight of food just before given to the animal

Question 15

what is the dry matter

Answer 15

food about to be given to animal with all water molecules removed

Question 16

what is energy

Answer 16

not a nutrient
most important and expensive component of any diet
always check energy requirement for diet
used for absorption assimilation and oxidation of organic nutrients

Question 17

what is catabolism

Answer 17

breakdown of bigger molecules to smaller
catabolic pathways tend to converge to generate energy

Question 18

what is anabolism

Answer 18

buildup of smaller molecules to larger e.g. amino acids to proteins
requires energy
divergent pathways with end products of complex molecules
e.g. muscle contraction, active ion transport, gene expression, hormone secretion, cell division, growth, adipose reserves….

Question 19

when is an animal in energy balance

Answer 19

when total energy provision = total energy needs

if energy provision is greather than needs, animal is in positive energy balance = energy stored. put on body weight energy stored as fat glycogen,muscle. might be good if poorly or cold. increased anabolism

if energy provision is less than energy needs the animal is is negative energy balance. Ends up mobilising body energy reserves. Good if animal needs to loose weight, increase catabolism. If extreme animal becomes ill. (NEB)

Question 20

how to quantify energy

Answer 20

calories or joules. Certain species use either one, same thing. w
1 Calorie (big C) = 1,000 calories = 1kcal = 4184 joules
energy in food expressed as energy density (energy per mass of food) e.g. Mj/kg DM

Question 21

What are the 4 different types of energy (and 5th)

Answer 21

gross
digestible
metabolisable
net
fme (fermentable metabolisable energy - for rumen microbes)

Question 22

What is gross energy

Answer 22

measured in BOMB calorimeter - take food, dry it out and burn it. Heats up water in chamber and work out energy from how much water is heated. energy released by oxifation of covalent bonds warms surrounding water. measure in gross energy (MJ/kg DM) of the food stuff

Question 23

what is digestible energy

Answer 23

gross energy without faecal energy loss - amount lost depends on the apparent digestibility of diet (depens on gut transit time, mechanical breakdown ect..)
not all of energy contained in diet can be digested.

Question 24

what is metabolisbale energy

Answer 24

digestible energy without energy loss through methane and urine. Is the energy assimilated by the animal and available to fuel metablolism.

Question 25

what factors affect metablosiable energy

Answer 25

• factors with affect digestibility
• animal factors e.g. species difference
• fibre content
  -feed preparation factos (hot/cold treatments)
  -diet quality
  -species - methane production in ruminants, carnivores have increased urinary excretion of energy righ nitrogenous compounds
  -nitrogen balance (amino acids used for protein synthesis or deaminiated and excreted in urine)
  -food preparation (grinding + pelleting = increased faecal loss) but offset by reduction in methane
• feeding levels = increased feeding levels can have slight reduction in DE and therefore ME< but effects are less for highly digestible foods

Question 26

How is energy loss during feeding

Answer 26

digesting food takes energy - heat is produced = specific dynamic action of gut wall.. Have to lose some energy to gain some.
- prehension+ mastication
-gut contractions to propel food
-production and release of enzymes
- catabolism of nutrients in tissues
- absorption of nutrients across gut wall
- heat of fermentation in rumen + hind gut

Question 27

what is net energy

Answer 27

amount of energy used by the animal and available to fuel metabolic processes other than those associated with acquisition of nutrients
- thermic energy subtracted from metabolisable energy to give it
- provision of energy for vital functions
hard to measure (DE or ME values are easier and still good to use)

Question 28

how to work out digestible energy intale of animal per day

Answer 28

work out dry matter intake by multiplying fresh weight by dry matter
then multiply dry matter intake by digestible energy to work out digestible energy intake
(add different diet components together)
limitations = animal might not eat all food provided or might also eat other things

Question 29

how to work out dry matter weight from fresh water (take water out)

Answer 29

fresh weight (kg) x dry matter proportion

Question 30

how to work out fresh weight from dry matter weight (put water back in )

Answer 30

(dry matter weight kg) / (dry matter proportion )

Question 31

what does energy needs vary with (8)

Answer 31

age
species
body size
production level
work
Ta
disease

Question 32

what is the metabolic rate

Answer 32

total conversion of energy per unit time
3 subsections
basal, fasting and maintenance

Question 33

what is the basal metabolic rate

Answer 33

amount of energy expended just to keep alive ( not doing anything)
to measure need to be :
-not moving
-not stressed
-within thermoneutral zone
-post absorptive state
hard to measure in animal, can do it when digesting

Question 34

what is maintenance metabloc life

Answer 34

animal eats exactly amount of feed needed to maintain a constant body mass (not producing milk, eggs or work)

Question 35

what is fasting metabolic rate

Answer 35

look it up

Question 36

how to measure metabolic rate

Answer 36

1) direct calorimetry - direct measure of heat production with animal in a calorimeter (hard for some species)
2) indirect calorimetry - indirect measure by estimating heat produced from respiratory exchanges in a calorimeter

Question 37

how does metabolic rate per kg of body mass compare

Answer 37

compares large to small animal
smaller animals have a higher metabolic rate
due to bigger surface area to volume ratio (heat loss more so have to have higher metabolic rate to keep in TNZ)

Question 38

what does BWt stand for

Answer 38

body weight

Question 39

how to work out metabolic body mass

Answer 39

(BWt) ^ 0.75
(make lines on graph straight)

Question 40

how does age affect metabolic rate

Answer 40

young animals have higher metabolic rate per unit metabolic mass than adults (growth, playing, exploration, injuries, repair of tissues)

Question 41

feeding primary functions of companion species vs food animals

Answer 41

for companion animals primary function is just maintenance requirements
food animals maintenance needs is small portion of daily energy requirement as also need energy to produce food

Question 42

what are other energy costs in addition to maintenance

Answer 42

1) energy for growth and fattening ( less effecient than maintenance as more complex anabolic pathways for fat and muscle) (growth becomes less efficient as animals age)
2) lactation ( energy content of milk varies between species, biggest difference is associatied with conc of milk fat and protein, varies according to breed, age, lactation stage and milk yield)
- gestation (pregnancy)
-wool grwoth
-egg production
-thermal stress