animal husbandry Flashcards

Question

what are environ. impacts due to

Answer 1

expansion, intensification

Answer 2

loss of habitat, loss of biodiversity, loss of carbon storage, worse soil conditions, GHG emissions, misuse of water

Answer 3

irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides

Answer 4

- tropical deforestation -methane emissions -NO from fertilised soils -rice cultivation

Answer 5

world food production predicted to double due to :population growth and changing diets

Answer 6

all people at all times have physicla and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their dietart needs + food preferences

Answer 7

increase agricultural production increase food supply improve distribution and access increase system resilience

Answer 8

stop agricultural expansions close yield gaps increase agricultural resourse efficiency shift diet + reduce food waste

Answer 9

difference between observed and potential crop yields given current agricultural practices and technologies

Answer 10

not fertilisers, new approches, adopt lessons from organic systems (regenerative farming) precision agriculture, drip irrigation

Answer 11

animal that is dependent/capable of internal generation of heat (heat from metabolic processes) warm-blooded

Answer 12

animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat - allow core body temp to vary

Answer 13

organism that cannot regulate body temp except by behavioural means (irregular/variable body temp)

Answer 14

organism that maintain body temp at a constant level by generating heat from body by thermoregulation

Answer 15

brain, thorax and abdomen

Answer 16

radiation, conduction, convection and evap. of water

Answer 17

sweating, panting and wetting body surfaces ( pigs in wallows)

Answer 18

sun, objects and animal

Answer 19

contact area (floor)

Answer 20

% saturation of air by water vapour limits efficiency of evap. heat loss

Answer 21

sensible (radiation, conduction and convection) increases temp of surrounding air insensible ( evaporation) doesn't increase temp of surrounding air

Answer 22

range of temperature for normal core body temperature, where no heat production/loss adjustments needed to maintain body temp. use of food for growth + production is peak

Answer 23

point below which animal has to create thermal energy by metabolic processes and goes into cold stress

Answer 24

when producing milk as heat is generated

Answer 25

younger animals have a higher lct and narrower tnz due to body size (higher sa) poor tissue and surface insulation . wet birth coat

Answer 26

hypo : core temp decreases significantly below normal hyper : core increases significantly above normal

Answer 27

behavioural = seek air movement + shade, maximise body s.a. physiological= minimise insulation, minimise heat production + evaporative cooling

Answer 28

when tissue synthesis can compensate absence from diet (make themselves)

Answer 29

if tissue synthesis is incapable or unable to meet body requirements when they are absent from the diet

Answer 30

the total protein content of a feed Calculated from Nitrogen content (protein is about 16% nitrogen = multiply nitrogen by 6.25 to work out protein content) crude as is an estimate

Answer 31

animal that has a rumen that contains micro organisms that ferment and digest food (cattle,sheep,goat) + ruminate = chew food twice

Answer 32

rumen microflora can synthesise protein from non-protein nitrogen sources (good as protein is expensive so non-protein sources are cheaper)

Answer 33

only availabilty of nitrogen (and available carbs to fuel fermentation)

Answer 34

microflora , to produce volatile fatty acids (primary energy source) = requires growth + multiplication of microbes

Answer 35

small intestine -- as amino acids and di/tripeptides

Answer 36

Rumen degradable protein (RDP) - rumen breaks it down Undegradable protein (RUDP) - rumen cannot break it up, get absorbed by small intestine

Answer 37

broken down to peptides and amino acids then either is used by microbial protein (which then can be absorbed by small intestine due to flow ) or turned into NH4+ which can be taken up by microbial protein, then flow into small intestine -- same as non-protein nitrogen

Answer 38

ammonium ions absorbed across wall of rumen and transported to liver, where it is converted to urea. Urea is either excreted by kidney as urea (waste) or urea can go to salivary gland which is swallowed and goes back to rumen (recycled)

Answer 39

microbes need energy to capture NH4+ and take in, also make sure not have too much non-protein nitrogen. can die if too much NH4+ (protein toxicity)

Answer 40

energy available to rumen microbes. Not good at using fats (lipids, short chain fatty acids) or fermentation acids

Answer 41

need to match protein (+NPN) supple to microbes with energy supply. If not enough energy= build up of ammonium ions Correct balance of energy to protein in diet.

Answer 42

QDP (quickly degraded) SDP (slowly degraded ) too fast - can't capture it all so protein lost. slow is more efficient

Answer 43

changes poor quality protein (not full complement of amino acids) in plants into high quality microbial protein changes NPN into high quality microbial protein to provide all amino acid ruminant requires

Answer 44

broken down by micro organisms (beta-link)

Answer 45

not breading, lactating or competeing just exisiting e.g. companion animals (easy to put on weight as sedentary and given treats)

Answer 46

- need less food - body is slowly breaking down (dental problems, joint problems, organ functions decrease, sight, smell and taste is worse) - appetite decreases - sedentary need to make sure they are still eating as often forget may need a specialised diet

Answer 47

- need alot more food (over maintance) - producing milk/eggs - need to think about expense - need to think about health and welfare of the animal as well (metabolic and digestive diseases more common when feeding for maximum production)

Answer 48

need to match animal requirements with combinations of various foods (cost-effective with suitable nutrients) can use simple arithmetic or computer programmes (still need to do a common sense check not just at face value)

Answer 49

1) nutrient requirements of the animal (species, age, level of production) - look them up, 'rules of thumb' - need to know physiological state and body weight 2) chemical composition of available feed stuff (legal declarations on bag labels e.g. DM,CP,CF, oil, amino acids, vitamins....) can compare/look in reference books 3) estimate appetite (voluntary food intake vs dry matter intake, dry matter per day) ad lib or restricted diet (need to know what correct values to prevent weight loss/weight gain)

Answer 50

complete free access to food all the time (all animals, including lowest ranking animal = hierarchy) don't want companion animals to have this

Answer 51

- if intend to restrict food intake (less than appetie) appetitie is unlikely to affect diet formulation . need to provide the palatability of food is sufficient to ensure consumption - if aiming for maximum productivity in ad lib fed animals, need to make sure that nutrients are sufficiently concentrated to meet requirements within the expected appetite limit of animal

Answer 52

economic/health concerns may mean food intake is restricted at certain times - overwintering beef suckler cows - preventing obesity in pregnant sows - preventing obesity in ponies - preventing over-rapid growth in young companion animals

Answer 53

-palaltablilty -fibre content -season (winter=more) -age (younger= greater) -production level (lactation, growth) -abdominal space (uterus,internal fat) -food choice (increases with more choice) - feed preparation - physiological mechanisms (long+ short term, mental state) - competition - changes in diet - exercise

Answer 54

dry matter basis -kgDM/day - daily dry matter intake (how much they are eating) as a percentage of body weight

Answer 55

roughly 3% of body weight as DM (changes in species+ conditions) know this number

Answer 56

1) formulated for a key element (energy or protein) 2) then check for other nutrients (might need to add another type of feed) 3) adjust if necessary and recheck if number of feedstuffs availble is small simple arithmetic will suffice but as number of feedstuff and nutrient classes to be monitored increases computer software may be required

Answer 57

normally do it on a DM basis then convert back to fresh weight only ever be two food 1) 2 food go on left and put energy density down (e.g. 10mj/kg) SAME UNITS 2) put target energy in middle (from diet as a whole, same units) 3) draw diagonal line across downwards from one food to opposite corner - then subtract bigger number from smaller (of food and middle) 4) do the same for the other food in the opposite corner (subtract smaller from little) 5) numbers in right side will be positive, add those two values together 5) split square into top and bottom by drawing line across the middle, to work out top values divide right side number by total of the right, that percent should be made up from the top left food

Answer 58

need to know how dry the sample is (told this) e.g. 25% DM so divide 1/0.25 then multiply by the DM weight to get the fresh weight

Answer 59

maintenance fluid = 50ml/kg/day e.g. 400kg horse = 20L

Answer 60

environmental conditions, amount of work/physical activiy, type+ amount of state, illness all should have ad lib fresh clean water

Answer 61

maintenance = 65MJ ME/day milk = 5MJ ME/litre of milk

Answer 62

- human errors - practical issues -preparation (mixed correctly) - foreign objects - contamination (mould, toxins) - quality of feeds - truly ad lib - trough design - feed space and bullying + building (bullying)