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animal husbandry and welfare > animal husbandry > Flashcards

animal husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

define animal husbandry

A

breeding, rearing and daily care of domestic animals

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2
Q

what choices does animal husbandry involve

A

inside/out
shelter+housing (bedding,density,ventilation,hygiene)
food + water (what,when,how)
breeds + reproduction (size, temperment)
handling (agressive/gentle)
people (education,abilities,dedication)
biosecurity

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3
Q

impact of poor husbandry on animals

A

hunger + thirst
discomfort
fear + distress
abnormal behaviour
disease + pain

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4
Q

impact of poor husbandry on people

A

zoonotic diseases
emotional toll
treatment cost
poor performance
production losses
injuries

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5
Q

impact of poor husbandry on environment

A

poor husbandry - animal has poor health = less production of milk,eggs,meat= increase environmental impact = unsustainable food supply

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6
Q

what is a stereotypic behaviour

A

abnormal behaviour that is not demonstrated in the wild, has no function due to stress and boredom

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7
Q

what does good husbandry result in

A

good welfare = healthy animals = need to use less veterinary medicines

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8
Q

4 roles of a vet in husbandry

A

1) advising clients on best husbandry
2) support owners as they make changes
3) ensure vet medicines are not used to make up for poor husbandry
4) lead mankind on issues of animal husbandry

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9
Q

what influences choice of husbandry system

A

labour availabilty
legal requirements
food availabilty
animal behaviour
consumer demand + expectation
environment
seasonality
culture + ethics
technological advancements
owner preferences + abilities
reproduction, breeding + genetics

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10
Q

what needs assessing for animal husbandry

A

food +water
health and welfare of animals
owner abilities + stockmanship
routine procedures
biosecurity
housing + hygiene
breeds + reproduction
handling
health + welfare of animals

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11
Q

companion vs production assessments

A
  • production = large groups of animals, can’t assess individually = sampling
  • reassure consumer that standards of care are met so food is safe
  • common disease often diagnosed and treated by farmer first
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12
Q

how to assess system (4)

A

analysis of records
evaluation of resources
animal assessments
people assessments

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13
Q

analysis of records advantages and disadvantages

A

pros : specific info on health, disease + production levels,, can measure monitor over time
cons : relies on animal keeper to correctly identify + record disease, time cost, different people may vary data quality, easy to falsify + manipulate

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14
Q

what does evaluating resources involve

A

looking at buildings, environments, facilities and amenities and compare to designed standards

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15
Q

pros + cons of resource evaluation

A

pros: objective measurements, assessor doesnt need expertise (cheap)
cons: doesn’t take animal into account, welfare could still be poor, rarely done in small animal practice

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16
Q

pros and cons of animal assessments

A

pros: direct assessment of animals in normal environment, takes animals into account
cons: requires expertise (spenny) more subjective

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17
Q

how to assess farm animals

A

assess proportion of populations to draw conclusions, look for signs of health and disease, normal and abnormal behaviours + signs of pain. have to know what is normal

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18
Q

how to assess animals

A

look,smell,listening, clinical examination, testing (blood)

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19
Q

what is automated monitoring of behaviour (pros and cons)

A

technology to individually assess animals and compare to own ‘normal behaviour’ and herd average
pros: less time cost, early warning system, specific to each animal
cons : costs, need to be able to interpret data generated

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20
Q

factors in tip of iceberg concept for disease

A

1) clinical cases = outwardly showing disease
2) sub-clinical= appear outwardly normal but are diseased (less severe)
3) normal healthy animals

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21
Q

what can you look for when assessing

A

cleanliness (legs, udder, flank)
injuries acquired from environment (hair loss, ulcerations)

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22
Q

people assessment pros and cons

A

pro: major influence on health and welfare
con: requires diplomacy (people lie)

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23
Q

what does CARE stand for

A

Client
Animal observations
Records
Environment + resources

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24
Q

what is the current extent of agriculture

A

approx 40% of earth’s surface has been cleared for agriculture

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25
Q

what are environ. impacts due to

A

expansion, intensification

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26
Q

what are the environmental impacts of expansion

A

loss of habitat, loss of biodiversity, loss of carbon storage, worse soil conditions, GHG emissions, misuse of water

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27
Q

environ. impacts due to intensification

A

irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides

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28
Q

how does agriculture contirbute to climate change

A
  • tropical deforestation
    -methane emissions
    -NO from fertilised soils
    -rice cultivation
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29
Q

what are the future demands on agriculture and natural resources

A

world food production predicted to double due to :population growth and changing diets

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30
Q

define global food security

A

all people at all times have physicla and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their dietart needs + food preferences

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31
Q

key goals of food security

A

increase agricultural production
increase food supply
improve distribution and access
increase system resilience

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32
Q

how to reduce environ. impact

A

stop agricultural expansions
close yield gaps
increase agricultural resourse efficiency
shift diet + reduce food waste

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33
Q

define yield gap

A

difference between observed and potential crop yields given current agricultural practices and technologies

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34
Q

how to close yield gaps

A

not fertilisers, new approches, adopt lessons from organic systems (regenerative farming) precision agriculture, drip irrigation

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35
Q

define endotherm

A

animal that is dependent/capable of internal generation of heat (heat from metabolic processes) warm-blooded

36
Q

define ectotherm

A

animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat - allow core body temp to vary

37
Q

define poikilotherm

A

organism that cannot regulate body temp except by behavioural means (irregular/variable body temp)

38
Q

define homeotherm

A

organism that maintain body temp at a constant level by generating heat from body by thermoregulation

39
Q

what does the core of body contain

A

brain, thorax and abdomen

40
Q

4 physical process of trasporting heat between body and surroundings

A

radiation, conduction, convection and evap. of water

41
Q

examples of evaporation of water

A

sweating, panting and wetting body surfaces ( pigs in wallows)

42
Q

examples of radiation

A

sun, objects and animal

43
Q

examples of conduction

A

contact area (floor)

44
Q

what is the relative humidity

A

% saturation of air by water vapour
limits efficiency of evap. heat loss

45
Q

difference of sensible and insensible heat loss

A

sensible (radiation, conduction and convection) increases temp of surrounding air
insensible ( evaporation) doesn’t increase temp of surrounding air

46
Q

what is the thermal-neutral zone

A

range of temperature for normal core body temperature, where no heat production/loss adjustments needed to maintain body temp.
use of food for growth + production is peak

47
Q

what is the lower critical temp

A

point below which animal has to create thermal energy by metabolic processes and goes into cold stress

48
Q

when is lower critical temp less

A

when producing milk as heat is generated

49
Q

young animals lower critical temp and thermal - neutral zone

A

younger animals have a higher lct and narrower tnz due to body size (higher sa) poor tissue and surface insulation . wet birth coat

50
Q

hypo vs hyper thermia

A

hypo : core temp decreases significantly below normal
hyper : core increases significantly above normal

51
Q

animal response when too hot

A

behavioural = seek air movement + shade, maximise body s.a.
physiological= minimise insulation, minimise heat production + evaporative cooling

52
Q

what is a non-essential amino acid

A

when tissue synthesis can compensate absence from diet (make themselves)

53
Q

what is an essential amino acid

A

if tissue synthesis is incapable or unable to meet body requirements when they are absent from the diet

54
Q

what is the crude protein

A

the total protein content of a feed
Calculated from Nitrogen content (protein is about 16% nitrogen = multiply nitrogen by 6.25 to work out protein content) crude as is an estimate

55
Q

What is a ruminant

A

animal that has a rumen that contains micro organisms that ferment and digest food (cattle,sheep,goat) + ruminate = chew food twice

56
Q

Why is amino acid composition of diet less important in ruminants

A

rumen microflora can synthesise protein from non-protein nitrogen sources (good as protein is expensive so non-protein sources are cheaper)

57
Q

in ruminants what limits protein metabolism

A

only availabilty of nitrogen (and available carbs to fuel fermentation)

58
Q

In rumens what is responsible for cellulose digestion

A

microflora , to produce volatile fatty acids (primary energy source) = requires growth + multiplication of microbes

59
Q

in all mammals where are proteins absorbed

A

small intestine – as amino acids and di/tripeptides

60
Q

What are two types of protein that rumen get from dietary intake

A

Rumen degradable protein (RDP) - rumen breaks it down
Undegradable protein (RUDP) - rumen cannot break it up, get absorbed by small intestine

61
Q

what happens to RDP in rumen

A

broken down to peptides and amino acids
then either is used by microbial protein (which then can be absorbed by small intestine due to flow )
or turned into NH4+ which can be taken up by microbial protein, then flow into small intestine – same as non-protein nitrogen

62
Q

what happens if you have build up of ammonium ions in rumen

A

ammonium ions absorbed across wall of rumen and transported to liver, where it is converted to urea. Urea is either excreted by kidney as urea (waste) or urea can go to salivary gland which is swallowed and goes back to rumen (recycled)

63
Q

how do you make sure not too many ammonium ions produced

A

microbes need energy to capture NH4+ and take in, also make sure not have too much non-protein nitrogen.
can die if too much NH4+ (protein toxicity)

64
Q

What is fermentable metabolisable energy

A

energy available to rumen microbes.
Not good at using fats (lipids, short chain fatty acids) or fermentation acids

65
Q

What is a limitation to microbial protein synthesis

A

need to match protein (+NPN) supple to microbes with energy supply.
If not enough energy= build up of ammonium ions
Correct balance of energy to protein in diet.

66
Q

Two types of RDP

A

QDP (quickly degraded)
SDP (slowly degraded )
too fast - can’t capture it all so protein lost. slow is more efficient

67
Q

What does rumen fermentation do

A

changes poor quality protein (not full complement of amino acids) in plants into high quality microbial protein
changes NPN into high quality microbial protein
to provide all amino acid ruminant requires

68
Q

what does fermented mean

A

broken down by micro organisms (beta-link)

69
Q

what is feeding for maintenance

A

not breading, lactating or competeing just exisiting e.g. companion animals (easy to put on weight as sedentary and given treats)

70
Q

consideration when feeding older animals

A
  • need less food
  • body is slowly breaking down (dental problems, joint problems, organ functions decrease, sight, smell and taste is worse)
  • appetite decreases
  • sedentary
    need to make sure they are still eating as often forget
    may need a specialised diet
71
Q

feeding production/competition animals

A
  • need alot more food (over maintance)
  • producing milk/eggs
  • need to think about expense
  • need to think about health and welfare of the animal as well
    (metabolic and digestive diseases more common when feeding for maximum production)
72
Q

how to formulate a diet for animal

A

need to match animal requirements with combinations of various foods (cost-effective with suitable nutrients)
can use simple arithmetic or computer programmes (still need to do a common sense check not just at face value)

73
Q

what to know to formulate a diet

A

1) nutrient requirements of the animal (species, age, level of production) - look them up, ‘rules of thumb’ - need to know physiological state and body weight
2) chemical composition of available feed stuff (legal declarations on bag labels e.g. DM,CP,CF, oil, amino acids, vitamins….) can compare/look in reference books
3) estimate appetite (voluntary food intake vs dry matter intake, dry matter per day) ad lib or restricted diet (need to know what correct values to prevent weight loss/weight gain)

74
Q

what does ad lib mean

A

complete free access to food all the time (all animals, including lowest ranking animal = hierarchy)
don’t want companion animals to have this

75
Q

what to need to take into account when estimating appetite

A
  • if intend to restrict food intake (less than appetie) appetitie is unlikely to affect diet formulation . need to provide the palatability of food is sufficient to ensure consumption
  • if aiming for maximum productivity in ad lib fed animals, need to make sure that nutrients are sufficiently concentrated to meet requirements within the expected appetite limit of animal
76
Q

why need to be careful about feeding ad lib

A

economic/health concerns may mean food intake is restricted at certain times
- overwintering beef suckler cows
- preventing obesity in pregnant sows
- preventing obesity in ponies
- preventing over-rapid growth in young companion animals

77
Q

what can influence appetite

A

-palaltablilty
-fibre content
-season (winter=more)
-age (younger= greater)
-production level (lactation, growth)
-abdominal space (uterus,internal fat)
-food choice (increases with more choice)
- feed preparation
- physiological mechanisms (long+ short term, mental state)
- competition
- changes in diet
- exercise

78
Q

how to express appetite

A

dry matter basis
-kgDM/day
- daily dry matter intake (how much they are eating) as a percentage of body weight

79
Q

how much can an animal eat in terms of its body weight

A

roughly 3% of body weight as DM
(changes in species+ conditions)
know this number

80
Q

how to formulate a diet (steps)

A

1) formulated for a key element (energy or protein)
2) then check for other nutrients (might need to add another type of feed)
3) adjust if necessary and recheck
if number of feedstuffs availble is small simple arithmetic will suffice
but as number of feedstuff and nutrient classes to be monitored increases computer software may be required

81
Q

pearsons square

A

normally do it on a DM basis then convert back to fresh weight
only ever be two food
1) 2 food go on left and put energy density down (e.g. 10mj/kg) SAME UNITS
2) put target energy in middle (from diet as a whole, same units)
3) draw diagonal line across downwards from one food to opposite corner - then subtract bigger number from smaller (of food and middle)
4) do the same for the other food in the opposite corner (subtract smaller from little)
5) numbers in right side will be positive, add those two values together
5) split square into top and bottom by drawing line across the middle, to work out top values divide right side number by total of the right, that percent should be made up from the top left food

82
Q

how to convert from dry matter to fresh weight

A

need to know how dry the sample is (told this)
e.g. 25% DM
so divide 1/0.25 then multiply by the DM weight to get the fresh weight

83
Q

rule of thumb water requirement for adult animal

A

maintenance fluid = 50ml/kg/day
e.g. 400kg horse = 20L

84
Q

why does water requirements vary

A

environmental conditions, amount of work/physical activiy, type+ amount of state, illness
all should have ad lib fresh clean water

85
Q

rule of thumb for adult dairy cattles

A

maintenance = 65MJ ME/day
milk = 5MJ ME/litre of milk

86
Q

what management factors influence the ration consumed in practice

A
  • human errors
  • practical issues
    -preparation (mixed correctly)
  • foreign objects
  • contamination (mould, toxins)
  • quality of feeds
  • truly ad lib
  • trough design
  • feed space and bullying + building (bullying)

animal husbandry and welfare (7 decks)

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