vits and mins Flashcards
what is the main presentation of hypomagnesaemia
Grass staggers. Emergency, frequent cause of sudden death.
Happens in lactating cattle and sheep when eating grass
Treat by giving magnesium
Signs of grass staggers
hyperaesthesia, muscle tremor, convulsion, recumbency and death
What is sub-clinical hypomagnesaemia
when animal has just below normal levels of magnesium in the blood. Possibly cause of reduced fertility and milk production in dairy cattle
Why is hypomagnesaemia common in the spring
grass is growing rapidly , so magnesium is being uptaken and used by plant
Change of diet as first being put out- grass diarrheoa, so not enough time in gut to uptake magnesium
bad weather, so less time to take in magnesium when sheltering
fertilisers changed how easy it is for animal to get magnesium from grass
How can you control/ prevent hypomagnesium
a) Provide shelter
b) Introduce to spring grass slowly
c) Use fertilisers with care & avoid K fertiliser in spring
d) Provide mineral (Mg) licks
e) Top dress pastures (calcined magnesite)
f) Increase clover in swards
g) Supplement diet or water with Mg
h) Mg rumen boluses
i) AVOID STRESS!
What are the trace elements (8)
Copper (Cu)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Selenium (Se)
Iodine (I)
Manganese (Mn)
Cobalt (Co)
What vitamin is selenium associated with + what enzyme does it form
vitamin E, dutapyramineoxidate?
What is copper used for
Important in formation of some plasma proteins (eg. ceruloplasmin)
Component of other blood proteins & plays a role in oxygen metabolism
Vital role in many enzyme systems, eg. component of cytochrome oxidase in oxidative phosphorylation
Essential for normal hair, wool & feather pigmentation & crimp in wool
Essential for immune function
Where is copper stored
the liver transported by being loosely bound to albumen in the blood plasma
How is copper absorbed
CUSO4 is most easily absorbed copper salt, whereas metallic copper is harder.
signs of copper deficiency
Anaemia (impaired RBC formation)
Abnormal bone growth
Abnormal hair, feather & wool growth
Loss of hair pigmentation
Cardiovascular disease
where do herbivores get copper from
plants (depend on soil copper levels)
Where do carnivores get there copper from
eating other animals (need to eat liver)
copper deficiency in cattle
appear spectacled (dark around the eyes)
common 3-9 months
signs : failure to thrive, poor growth, stiff gait/lameness, loss of hair pigment
common 3-9 months of age, especially in suckler calves
too much copper
copper toxicity , livers ability to store copper is exceeded, liver explodes and get cell necrosis. Copper spills out into circulation. Liver failure
signs : jaundice (look at sclera of eyes, if yellow)
appetite loss
hepatic coma
pigs > horses > cattle >sheep – order of susceptibility (sheep most)
copper deficiency in sheep
sway back = failure/degeneration of normal neural development in lamb
a) congenital = stillbirth, weak, unable to stand or death. irreversible
b) delayed onset = few weeks old. signs, slow growth rate, rapid onset of hind limb weakness death. Can be prevented by parenteral injection of CU complexes.
what are vitamins
organic compounds required in very small quantites for normal body function
what are the two classes of vitamins
fat soluble and water soluble
what is the chemical name of vitamin A
retinol
what is the chemical name of vitamin D
calciferols
what is the chemical name of vitamin E
tocopherols
what is the chemical name of vitamin K
quinones
what vitamins are fat soluble
A,D,E and K
what is the chemical name of vitamin C
ascorbic acid
what is the chemical name of vitamin B1
thiamin
what is the chemical name of B2
Riboflavin
what is the chemical name of vitamin B3
nicotinic acid/niacin
what is the chemical name of vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
what is the chemical name of B6
pyridoxine
what is the chemical name of B7
biotin
what is the chemical name of B9
folic acid
what is the chemical name of B12
cynaocobalamin
what vitamins are water soluble
B complex and C
what are provitamins
compounds that act as vitamins only after undergoing chemical change to active form in the body
what are vitamin requirements changed by
diet, animal’s health and its metabolic state = fast-growing and peak-producing animals have higher requirements than adult animals
rapid rates of food passage through the gut = higher vitamin requirement
what is concentration of vitamins expressed in
mg/kg
what is avitaminosis
total absence of vitamin
what is hypovitaminosis
partial lack of vitamin (more common)
often see non-specific signs of illness e.g. depressed/poor growth/ poor immune function
what is hypervitaminosis
excessive provision of vitamin = only occurs with a few vitamins
what is retinols metabolic function
VITAMIN A
1) function and integrity of epithelia and mucous membranes
2) retinal function (combines with opsin to form rhodopsin = needed for night vision)
3) bone growth
4) immune function
what is pro-vitamin A
and why does absorption vary
beta carotene
converted to retinol during absorption through the gut wall
ability varies with:
age (young animals are poor converters , obtained pre-formed retinol from milk)
species (cat cannot convert at all)
breed (channel island cattle are poor converters)
health (disease affecting the gut wall and liver function)
why do animals not need a daily supply of retinol
retinol is stored in the liver
what are food sources of retinol and beta carotene
retinol:
liver, egg yolk and milk fat
beta carotene: plants (grass)
what are retinol-deficient foods
cereal grains and meat
how does retinol deficiency present in cattle
mild deficiency: rough scaly skin
prolonged: night blindness, lachrymation, corneal opacity. Infertility, abortion, retained placenta and still-births
intensively reared indoor beef cattle on cereal diets are prone
why is retinol deficiency rare in adult cattle
carotenoids acquired from pasture replenish liver stores of vitamin A and can provide retinol cover over winter periods (unless prone to liver or intestinal disease)
how does retinol deficiency present in dogs
scurfy, scaly skin, night blindnes and abnormal skeletal growth
how does retinol deficiency present in cats
foetal defects apparent and infertility
how does retinol deficiency present in poultry
symptoms occur quickly (2-3 weeks)
pale comb and wattles, loss of condition, stunted growth, ruffled plumage and general unthriftiness
susceptible to infectious diseases and high mortality rate.
require vtiamin a supplement
how does hypervitaminosis A in dogs and cats present
due to excess fish liver oil or liver intake
abnormal bone deposition
lameness
vertebral spondylosis
gingivitis (gum inflamation)
weight loss
poor coat
how does hypervitaminosis A present in pigs
pregnant sows may cause cardiac abnormalities in piglets
What is vitamin D made up of
the calciferols - 4 related structures, all steroids that exhibit biological activity of cholecalciferol
what are 2 most important forms of the calciferols
- ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) derived from the provitamin ergosterol
- cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) derived from the provitamin 7 - dehydrocholesterol
provitamins have no vitaminvalue need to be converted using UV light present in sunlight
sources of vitamin D
sunlight on skin
fish (oily)
egg yolk
hay - sun-dried roughages
colostrum
common reasons for vitamin D deficiency
housed animals = no uv radiation
no milk drunk
what are the calciferols metabolic functions
VITAMIN D
- promotes calcium absorption from digesta in the gut lumen
when blood Ca2+ conc. decrease enhances intestinal absorption of ca
stimulates phosphorus uptake from gut and reabsorption of ca2+ and P frimi bine and kidney
= regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body
presentation of vitamin D deficiencies
rickets = weak deformed bones in young gorwing animals
osteomalacia in adults = weak bones
poor egg sell quality and weak bones in poultry
what are sources of vitamin E
green fodder (grass, green vegetables)
cereals (barely not maize) but decreases during storage
body has little reserves so dietary intake is important
what is alpha tocopherol metabolic functions
VITAMIN E
- biological antioxidant
acts in combination with selenium containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase = protect cells from oxidative damages caused by free radicals
important for normal reproductive function, muscular function and capillary integrity
how does tocopherol deficiency present
VITAMIN E
- nutritional myopathy (white muscle disease in calves and stiff lamb disease)
- cardiac disease (mulberry heart disease in pigs and calves)
- brain damage (crazy chick disease)
- lameness and muscle stiffness
what are two types of vitamin K
quinones:
- phyllquinone
-menaquinone
sources of vitamin K
green leafy materials
egg yolk
liver and fish
gut bacteria do synthesise
but rapidly destroyed by heat and exposure to sunlight
what are the quinones metabolic functions
VITAMIN K
essential for normal clotting of blood
bone and kidney function
what are quinones signs of deficiency
VITAMIN K
unlikely to occur i cattle, horses or pigs
ruminants = microbial population can synthesise = no dietary requirements
in chicks = anaemia and delayed clotting of blood
why do ruminants not have vitamin B deficiencies
rumen bacteria can synthesise b vitamins in sufficient quantities
so deficiency only in pre-ruminant young, sick animals
what are B complex vitamins metabolised for
pathways of cellular respiration and energy transfer,
making co-enzymes
water soluble so are minimal body reserves = deficiencies are sudden onset
what are sources of b complex vitamins
liver, yeasts, green foods, cereals and milk
what is thiamine metabolised for
VITAMIN B1
used for initiation and propagation of nerve impulses
thiamine deficiency presentation
-progressive dsyfunction of the nervous system
paralysis
blindess
muscular dysfunction
loss of appetite
emaciation (abnormally thin and weak)
why are disturbed rumens more likely to have thiamine deficiency
and symptoms of CCN
bacterial thiaminases are produced in disturbed rumen microflora that destroy ingested and bacterial thiamine
very dangerous presents as cerebro-cortical necrosis :
blindess
inco-ordination
staggering
recumbency
paddling
death
what is riboflavin metabolised for
VITAMIN B2
poor source = cereals
metabolism : vital for oxidative phosphorylation and H+ transport
signs of riboflavin deficiency in pigs
poor appetie and growth, skin eruptions, vomiting, eye abnormalities, infertility and abortion
what are signs of riboflavin deficiency in chicks
VITAMIN B2
curled toe paralysis due to neural degradation
signs of riboflavin deficiency in ruminants
poor appetite, diarrhoea and mouth lesions
VITAMIN B2
signs of the pyridoxines deficiency
VITAMIN 6
rare deficiency due to wide distribution in many foods and gut microbial synthesis
in chicks : neural degeneration and jerky gait
sources of cyanocobalamin
liver, meat, milk
exclusively microbial in gut (gut flora) as long as colbalt present in diet = chemical nature is centred around a cobalt atom
B12
metabolism of cyanocobalamin
B12
important coenzyme in cellular respiration pathways
signs of deficiency of cyanocobalamin
mostly young animals
poor growth
sources of ascorbic acid
VITAMIN C
citrus fruits
green, leafy vegies
synthetic
metabolic functions of ascorbic acids
VITAMIN C
normal collagen formation
metabolic oxidation and reduction pathways
iron transport
antioxidant
what species is vitamin C essential in
primates
guinea pigs
fruit bats
other species can synthesise it from glucose
signs of vitamin c deficiency
scurvy
muscle/joint pain
red dots on skin
bleeding and gum swelling
diarrhoea
weight loss
rough hair coat
reduced immune function
what are macro minerals
major elements found in higher quantities in animal body
level measured in g/day
what are micro minerals
trace elements found in lower level in animal body
levels measured in mg/day
what are the major elements
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sodium
chlorine
sulphur
amgnesium
ratio of calcium to phosphorous
1.5:1
what are calcium and magnesium used for
most important mineral constituents of bone and teeth
where is calcium stored in the body
99% is stored in bones and teeth
remaining 1% - 0.9% in ICF -.1% in the ECF
0.1% in ECF some rpesent in blood plasma: either bound to proteins and organic acids or present in free ionic calcium
what are functions of calcium
structural component of skeleton (dynamic)
controls cell excitability (nerves and muscles)
regulates muscle contraction
regulates blood coagulation
many enzymes actions
rigid homeostatic control of plasma Ca2+ concentrations by vitamin D and hormones
sources of calcium (and phosphorous)
foods that keep Ca:P in ideal ratio
leafy greens
hay/silage
animal products (milk, meat and eggs)
food that contain more P than Ca and require artificial ration balancing
bran
cereals
roots
legume and oil seeds
corrective sources of calcium
limestone flour
poultry = soluble grit
factors affecting calcum absorption
- plant calcium bound as phytates (prevents absorption in monogastrics but rumen microbes can release)
oxalates bind to calcium to form insoluble salts and prevent calcium being absorbed by animals
total absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus decreases as dietary concentration becomes excessive
high fat diets = excess dierary free fatty acids bind to calcium (and mg) to form insoluble soaps
enteritis: inflamed mucosa will not absorb calcium
calcium deficiency causes
HPYOCALCAEMIA
occurs if sudden decrease in blood calcium - homeostatic control takes longer to correct
acute form: short space of time
common in ifemale mammals at onsett/peak of lactation : high demands of mammary gland for calcium to synthesise milk l
laying hens : high calcium demands of eggshell production
how does hypocalcaemia present in dairy cow
milk fever
common from 1 day pre birth to 3 days post
due to lactation
more common if have had calves before as produce more milk
symptoms of milk fever
flaccid paralysis (progressive) = general uneasiness, dullness, constipation, inability to stand, coma and death
recumbency
rumen stasis (smooth muscle cannot contract = bloat)
pupil dilation
what happens in chronic hypocalcaemia
common in growing animals due to high rate of skeletal growth
- osteodystrophy (abnromal bone growth) accompanied by osetoporosis (loss of Ca and P from bones to make them thinner and weaker = more fractures)
- rickets = failure of bone to ossify (vitamin D deficiency, in ruminants deficiency of vitamin D or P can cause rickets as well)
factors affecting phosphorus absorption
oxalaes and phytates (bound so simple stomached animals cannot access)
if excess calcium, inhibits phosphorus absorption,, if excess phosphorus then inhibits calcium absorption
signs of phosphorus deficiency
HYPOPHOSPHATAEMIA
- abnormal bone growth and osteomalacia
reduced growth raths
abnormal appeties (bone/wood chewing)
magnesium functions
mostly present in bone
most common enzyme activator
muscle contraction
propagation of nerve impulses
no body reserves and no homeostatic regulation (depend on dietary intake to maintain function )
sources of magnesium
green plants (cholorphyll)
meat and bone
colostrum
megnesite
decreased absorption if high copper or high phtate P intakes
4 major reasons for hypomagnesaemia
1) calves fed unsupplemented all milk diets (poor source of mg)
2) beef cattle and sheep fed on low quality roughae or fodder crops (symptoms may occur over several days: dullness, hyperasthesia, convulsions and death)
3) lactating cattle and sheep = grass staggers (muscle tremor, recumbency, convulsions, sudden deaths)
4) sub-clinical hypomagnesaemia : cause of reduced fertility and milk production in dairy cattle
signs of copper deficiency
anaemia (impaired RBC formation)
abnormal one growth
abnormal hair, feather and wool growth
loss of hair pigmentation
CV disease
danger of copper and molybdenum
if pasture contains lots of molybdenum = teart pastures
rumen microbes form sulphides which combine with MO to form thiomolybdate. Then binds with copper to form copper thiomolybdate. This decreases Cu absorption and causes signs of copper deficiency even if sufficient copper provision = secondary copper deficiency
dangers of too much copper
copper accumulates in liver and causes cell necrosis
signs:
jaundice, appetite loss, liver coma and death
pigs most tolerant then horse, cattle and least sheep
