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animal husbandry and welfare > vits and mins > Flashcards

vits and mins Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main presentation of hypomagnesaemia

A

Grass staggers. Emergency, frequent cause of sudden death.
Happens in lactating cattle and sheep when eating grass
Treat by giving magnesium

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2
Q

Signs of grass staggers

A

hyperaesthesia, muscle tremor, convulsion, recumbency and death

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3
Q

What is sub-clinical hypomagnesaemia

A

when animal has just below normal levels of magnesium in the blood. Possibly cause of reduced fertility and milk production in dairy cattle

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4
Q

Why is hypomagnesaemia common in the spring

A

grass is growing rapidly , so magnesium is being uptaken and used by plant
Change of diet as first being put out- grass diarrheoa, so not enough time in gut to uptake magnesium
bad weather, so less time to take in magnesium when sheltering
fertilisers changed how easy it is for animal to get magnesium from grass

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5
Q

How can you control/ prevent hypomagnesium

A

a) Provide shelter
b) Introduce to spring grass slowly
c) Use fertilisers with care & avoid K fertiliser in spring
d) Provide mineral (Mg) licks
e) Top dress pastures (calcined magnesite)
f) Increase clover in swards
g) Supplement diet or water with Mg
h) Mg rumen boluses
i) AVOID STRESS!

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6
Q

What are the trace elements (8)

A

Copper (Cu)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Selenium (Se)
Iodine (I)
Manganese (Mn)
Cobalt (Co)

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7
Q

What vitamin is selenium associated with + what enzyme does it form

A

vitamin E, dutapyramineoxidate?

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8
Q

What is copper used for

A

Important in formation of some plasma proteins (eg. ceruloplasmin)
Component of other blood proteins & plays a role in oxygen metabolism
Vital role in many enzyme systems, eg. component of cytochrome oxidase in oxidative phosphorylation
Essential for normal hair, wool & feather pigmentation & crimp in wool
Essential for immune function

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9
Q

Where is copper stored

A

the liver transported by being loosely bound to albumen in the blood plasma

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10
Q

How is copper absorbed

A

CUSO4 is most easily absorbed copper salt, whereas metallic copper is harder.

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11
Q

signs of copper deficiency

A

Anaemia (impaired RBC formation)
Abnormal bone growth
Abnormal hair, feather & wool growth
Loss of hair pigmentation
Cardiovascular disease

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12
Q

where do herbivores get copper from

A

plants (depend on soil copper levels)

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13
Q

Where do carnivores get there copper from

A

eating other animals (need to eat liver)

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14
Q

copper deficiency in cattle

A

appear spectacled (dark around the eyes)
common 3-9 months
signs : failure to thrive, poor growth, stiff gait/lameness, loss of hair pigment
common 3-9 months of age, especially in suckler calves

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15
Q

too much copper

A

copper toxicity , livers ability to store copper is exceeded, liver explodes and get cell necrosis. Copper spills out into circulation. Liver failure
signs : jaundice (look at sclera of eyes, if yellow)
appetite loss
hepatic coma
pigs > horses > cattle >sheep – order of susceptibility (sheep most)

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16
Q

copper deficiency in sheep

A

sway back = failure/degeneration of normal neural development in lamb
a) congenital = stillbirth, weak, unable to stand or death. irreversible
b) delayed onset = few weeks old. signs, slow growth rate, rapid onset of hind limb weakness death. Can be prevented by parenteral injection of CU complexes.

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17
Q

what are vitamins

A

organic compounds required in very small quantites for normal body function

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18
Q

what are the two classes of vitamins

A

fat soluble and water soluble

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19
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin A

A

retinol

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20
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin D

A

calciferols

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21
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin E

A

tocopherols

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22
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin K

A

quinones

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23
Q

what vitamins are fat soluble

A

A,D,E and K

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24
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid

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25
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin B1

A

thiamin

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26
Q

what is the chemical name of B2

A

Riboflavin

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27
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin B3

A

nicotinic acid/niacin

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28
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin B5

A

pantothenic acid

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29
Q

what is the chemical name of B6

A

pyridoxine

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30
Q

what is the chemical name of B7

A

biotin

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31
Q

what is the chemical name of B9

A

folic acid

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32
Q

what is the chemical name of B12

A

cynaocobalamin

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33
Q

what vitamins are water soluble

A

B complex and C

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34
Q

what are provitamins

A

compounds that act as vitamins only after undergoing chemical change to active form in the body

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35
Q

what are vitamin requirements changed by

A

diet, animal’s health and its metabolic state = fast-growing and peak-producing animals have higher requirements than adult animals
rapid rates of food passage through the gut = higher vitamin requirement

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36
Q

what is concentration of vitamins expressed in

A

mg/kg

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37
Q

what is avitaminosis

A

total absence of vitamin

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38
Q

what is hypovitaminosis

A

partial lack of vitamin (more common)
often see non-specific signs of illness e.g. depressed/poor growth/ poor immune function

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39
Q

what is hypervitaminosis

A

excessive provision of vitamin = only occurs with a few vitamins

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40
Q

what is retinols metabolic function

A

VITAMIN A
1) function and integrity of epithelia and mucous membranes
2) retinal function (combines with opsin to form rhodopsin = needed for night vision)
3) bone growth
4) immune function

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41
Q

what is pro-vitamin A
and why does absorption vary

A

beta carotene
converted to retinol during absorption through the gut wall
ability varies with:
age (young animals are poor converters , obtained pre-formed retinol from milk)
species (cat cannot convert at all)
breed (channel island cattle are poor converters)
health (disease affecting the gut wall and liver function)

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42
Q

why do animals not need a daily supply of retinol

A

retinol is stored in the liver

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43
Q

what are food sources of retinol and beta carotene

A

retinol:
liver, egg yolk and milk fat
beta carotene: plants (grass)

44
Q

what are retinol-deficient foods

A

cereal grains and meat

45
Q

how does retinol deficiency present in cattle

A

mild deficiency: rough scaly skin
prolonged: night blindness, lachrymation, corneal opacity. Infertility, abortion, retained placenta and still-births
intensively reared indoor beef cattle on cereal diets are prone

46
Q

why is retinol deficiency rare in adult cattle

A

carotenoids acquired from pasture replenish liver stores of vitamin A and can provide retinol cover over winter periods (unless prone to liver or intestinal disease)

47
Q

how does retinol deficiency present in dogs

A

scurfy, scaly skin, night blindnes and abnormal skeletal growth

48
Q

how does retinol deficiency present in cats

A

foetal defects apparent and infertility

49
Q

how does retinol deficiency present in poultry

A

symptoms occur quickly (2-3 weeks)
pale comb and wattles, loss of condition, stunted growth, ruffled plumage and general unthriftiness
susceptible to infectious diseases and high mortality rate.
require vtiamin a supplement

50
Q

how does hypervitaminosis A in dogs and cats present

A

due to excess fish liver oil or liver intake
abnormal bone deposition
lameness
vertebral spondylosis
gingivitis (gum inflamation)
weight loss
poor coat

51
Q

how does hypervitaminosis A present in pigs

A

pregnant sows may cause cardiac abnormalities in piglets

52
Q

What is vitamin D made up of

A

the calciferols - 4 related structures, all steroids that exhibit biological activity of cholecalciferol

53
Q

what are 2 most important forms of the calciferols

A
  • ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) derived from the provitamin ergosterol
  • cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) derived from the provitamin 7 - dehydrocholesterol
    provitamins have no vitaminvalue need to be converted using UV light present in sunlight
54
Q

sources of vitamin D

A

sunlight on skin
fish (oily)
egg yolk
hay - sun-dried roughages
colostrum

55
Q

common reasons for vitamin D deficiency

A

housed animals = no uv radiation
no milk drunk

56
Q

what are the calciferols metabolic functions

A

VITAMIN D
- promotes calcium absorption from digesta in the gut lumen
when blood Ca2+ conc. decrease enhances intestinal absorption of ca
stimulates phosphorus uptake from gut and reabsorption of ca2+ and P frimi bine and kidney
= regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body

57
Q

presentation of vitamin D deficiencies

A

rickets = weak deformed bones in young gorwing animals
osteomalacia in adults = weak bones
poor egg sell quality and weak bones in poultry

58
Q

what are sources of vitamin E

A

green fodder (grass, green vegetables)
cereals (barely not maize) but decreases during storage
body has little reserves so dietary intake is important

59
Q

what is alpha tocopherol metabolic functions

A

VITAMIN E
- biological antioxidant
acts in combination with selenium containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase = protect cells from oxidative damages caused by free radicals
important for normal reproductive function, muscular function and capillary integrity

60
Q

how does tocopherol deficiency present

A

VITAMIN E
- nutritional myopathy (white muscle disease in calves and stiff lamb disease)
- cardiac disease (mulberry heart disease in pigs and calves)
- brain damage (crazy chick disease)
- lameness and muscle stiffness

61
Q

what are two types of vitamin K

A

quinones:
- phyllquinone
-menaquinone

62
Q

sources of vitamin K

A

green leafy materials
egg yolk
liver and fish
gut bacteria do synthesise
but rapidly destroyed by heat and exposure to sunlight

63
Q

what are the quinones metabolic functions

A

VITAMIN K
essential for normal clotting of blood
bone and kidney function

64
Q

what are quinones signs of deficiency

A

VITAMIN K
unlikely to occur i cattle, horses or pigs
ruminants = microbial population can synthesise = no dietary requirements

in chicks = anaemia and delayed clotting of blood

65
Q

why do ruminants not have vitamin B deficiencies

A

rumen bacteria can synthesise b vitamins in sufficient quantities
so deficiency only in pre-ruminant young, sick animals

66
Q

what are B complex vitamins metabolised for

A

pathways of cellular respiration and energy transfer,
making co-enzymes
water soluble so are minimal body reserves = deficiencies are sudden onset

67
Q

what are sources of b complex vitamins

A

liver, yeasts, green foods, cereals and milk

68
Q

what is thiamine metabolised for

A

VITAMIN B1
used for initiation and propagation of nerve impulses

69
Q

thiamine deficiency presentation

A

-progressive dsyfunction of the nervous system
paralysis
blindess
muscular dysfunction
loss of appetite
emaciation (abnormally thin and weak)

70
Q

why are disturbed rumens more likely to have thiamine deficiency
and symptoms of CCN

A

bacterial thiaminases are produced in disturbed rumen microflora that destroy ingested and bacterial thiamine

very dangerous presents as cerebro-cortical necrosis :
blindess
inco-ordination
staggering
recumbency
paddling
death

71
Q

what is riboflavin metabolised for

A

VITAMIN B2
poor source = cereals
metabolism : vital for oxidative phosphorylation and H+ transport

72
Q

signs of riboflavin deficiency in pigs

A

poor appetie and growth, skin eruptions, vomiting, eye abnormalities, infertility and abortion

73
Q

what are signs of riboflavin deficiency in chicks

A

VITAMIN B2
curled toe paralysis due to neural degradation

74
Q

signs of riboflavin deficiency in ruminants

A

poor appetite, diarrhoea and mouth lesions
VITAMIN B2

75
Q

signs of the pyridoxines deficiency

A

VITAMIN 6
rare deficiency due to wide distribution in many foods and gut microbial synthesis
in chicks : neural degeneration and jerky gait

76
Q

sources of cyanocobalamin

A

liver, meat, milk
exclusively microbial in gut (gut flora) as long as colbalt present in diet = chemical nature is centred around a cobalt atom
B12

77
Q

metabolism of cyanocobalamin

A

B12
important coenzyme in cellular respiration pathways

78
Q

signs of deficiency of cyanocobalamin

A

mostly young animals
poor growth

79
Q

sources of ascorbic acid

A

VITAMIN C
citrus fruits
green, leafy vegies
synthetic

80
Q

metabolic functions of ascorbic acids

A

VITAMIN C
normal collagen formation
metabolic oxidation and reduction pathways
iron transport
antioxidant

81
Q

what species is vitamin C essential in

A

primates
guinea pigs
fruit bats
other species can synthesise it from glucose

82
Q

signs of vitamin c deficiency

A

scurvy
muscle/joint pain
red dots on skin
bleeding and gum swelling
diarrhoea
weight loss
rough hair coat
reduced immune function

83
Q

what are macro minerals

A

major elements found in higher quantities in animal body
level measured in g/day

84
Q

what are micro minerals

A

trace elements found in lower level in animal body
levels measured in mg/day

85
Q

what are the major elements

A

calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sodium
chlorine
sulphur
amgnesium

86
Q

ratio of calcium to phosphorous

A

1.5:1

87
Q

what are calcium and magnesium used for

A

most important mineral constituents of bone and teeth

88
Q

where is calcium stored in the body

A

99% is stored in bones and teeth
remaining 1% - 0.9% in ICF -.1% in the ECF
0.1% in ECF some rpesent in blood plasma: either bound to proteins and organic acids or present in free ionic calcium

89
Q

what are functions of calcium

A

structural component of skeleton (dynamic)
controls cell excitability (nerves and muscles)
regulates muscle contraction
regulates blood coagulation
many enzymes actions
rigid homeostatic control of plasma Ca2+ concentrations by vitamin D and hormones

90
Q

sources of calcium (and phosphorous)

A

foods that keep Ca:P in ideal ratio
leafy greens
hay/silage
animal products (milk, meat and eggs)

91
Q

food that contain more P than Ca and require artificial ration balancing

A

bran
cereals
roots
legume and oil seeds

92
Q

corrective sources of calcium

A

limestone flour
poultry = soluble grit

93
Q

factors affecting calcum absorption

A
  • plant calcium bound as phytates (prevents absorption in monogastrics but rumen microbes can release)
    oxalates bind to calcium to form insoluble salts and prevent calcium being absorbed by animals
    total absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus decreases as dietary concentration becomes excessive
    high fat diets = excess dierary free fatty acids bind to calcium (and mg) to form insoluble soaps
    enteritis: inflamed mucosa will not absorb calcium
94
Q

calcium deficiency causes

A

HPYOCALCAEMIA
occurs if sudden decrease in blood calcium - homeostatic control takes longer to correct
acute form: short space of time
common in ifemale mammals at onsett/peak of lactation : high demands of mammary gland for calcium to synthesise milk l
laying hens : high calcium demands of eggshell production

95
Q

how does hypocalcaemia present in dairy cow

A

milk fever
common from 1 day pre birth to 3 days post
due to lactation
more common if have had calves before as produce more milk

96
Q

symptoms of milk fever

A

flaccid paralysis (progressive) = general uneasiness, dullness, constipation, inability to stand, coma and death
recumbency
rumen stasis (smooth muscle cannot contract = bloat)
pupil dilation

97
Q

what happens in chronic hypocalcaemia

A

common in growing animals due to high rate of skeletal growth
- osteodystrophy (abnromal bone growth) accompanied by osetoporosis (loss of Ca and P from bones to make them thinner and weaker = more fractures)
- rickets = failure of bone to ossify (vitamin D deficiency, in ruminants deficiency of vitamin D or P can cause rickets as well)

98
Q

factors affecting phosphorus absorption

A

oxalaes and phytates (bound so simple stomached animals cannot access)
if excess calcium, inhibits phosphorus absorption,, if excess phosphorus then inhibits calcium absorption

99
Q

signs of phosphorus deficiency

A

HYPOPHOSPHATAEMIA
- abnormal bone growth and osteomalacia
reduced growth raths
abnormal appeties (bone/wood chewing)

100
Q

magnesium functions

A

mostly present in bone
most common enzyme activator
muscle contraction
propagation of nerve impulses
no body reserves and no homeostatic regulation (depend on dietary intake to maintain function )

101
Q

sources of magnesium

A

green plants (cholorphyll)
meat and bone
colostrum
megnesite
decreased absorption if high copper or high phtate P intakes

102
Q

4 major reasons for hypomagnesaemia

A

1) calves fed unsupplemented all milk diets (poor source of mg)
2) beef cattle and sheep fed on low quality roughae or fodder crops (symptoms may occur over several days: dullness, hyperasthesia, convulsions and death)
3) lactating cattle and sheep = grass staggers (muscle tremor, recumbency, convulsions, sudden deaths)
4) sub-clinical hypomagnesaemia : cause of reduced fertility and milk production in dairy cattle

103
Q

signs of copper deficiency

A

anaemia (impaired RBC formation)
abnormal one growth
abnormal hair, feather and wool growth
loss of hair pigmentation
CV disease

104
Q

danger of copper and molybdenum

A

if pasture contains lots of molybdenum = teart pastures
rumen microbes form sulphides which combine with MO to form thiomolybdate. Then binds with copper to form copper thiomolybdate. This decreases Cu absorption and causes signs of copper deficiency even if sufficient copper provision = secondary copper deficiency

105
Q

dangers of too much copper

A

copper accumulates in liver and causes cell necrosis
signs:
jaundice, appetite loss, liver coma and death
pigs most tolerant then horse, cattle and least sheep

animal husbandry and welfare (7 decks)

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