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weight management Flashcards

1
Q

Men have ____obesity, W _____obesity

A

upper-body, lower-body

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2
Q

upper body obesity is this shape

A

apple

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3
Q

upper body obesity is associated with

A
  • CVD, HTN, type 2 diabetes
  • testosterone, cortisol, excessive alcohol
  • abdominal fat is released into liver and promotes inflammation in body
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4
Q

juvenile’s-onset obesity

A
  • develops in infancy or childhood

- increase in # of adipose cells (where fat is stored)

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5
Q

adipose cells have ___ lifespan and need to store fat. Makes it difficult to lose fat

A

long

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6
Q

adult-onset obesity

A

fewer adipose cells & larger adipose cells to store excess amount of fat
- if weight gain continue, number of adipose cells increase

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7
Q

obesity is ___ allowing nature to express itself

A

nurture

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8
Q

location of fat is influenced by

A

genetics & hormones

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9
Q

these people are especially at risk of obesity

A

children of obese parents

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10
Q

what can promote healthy weight?

A
  • increased physical activity

- moderate calorie intake

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11
Q

why are calories from fat more likely to promote obesity than CHO>

A

more palatable - eat more

  • higher caloric intake (9kcal/g vs 4)
  • energy cost of converting and storing adipose from CHO are 3x higher than from dietary fat
  • little CHO –> adipose occurs under normal feeding conditions
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12
Q

females have more

A

fat

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13
Q

menopause =

A

increase in abdominal fat deposition is favored

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14
Q

if over a long period, ____ energy balance promotes storage of fat

A

positive

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15
Q

basal metabolism

A

a low value is linked to weight gain

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16
Q

fat uptake by adipose tissue

A

high in some obese people and remains high with weight loss

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17
Q

undertermined genetic characteristics

A

affect energy balance, particularly via the energy expenditure components, the deposition of the energy surplus as adipose/lean tissue, and the relative proportion of fat and carbohydrate used by the body

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18
Q

race

A

in some ethnic groups, higher body weight may be more socially acceptable

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19
Q

certain food medications

A

food intake increases

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20
Q

national region

A

regional differences, such as high-fat diets and sedentary lifestyles

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21
Q

BMI formula

A

Mass in kg / height in meters squared

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22
Q

Underweight bmi =

A

BMI< 18.5

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23
Q

healthy weight bmi =

A

BMI 18.5-24.9

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24
Q

Obese bmi

A

BMI 30.-39.9

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25
severly obese bmi
> 40
26
why is BMI important?
important clue to overall health
27
Underweight:
having too little body fat to maintain health
28
overweight:
having a moderate amount of excess body fat
29
obesity:
having an excess of body fat that adversely affects health
30
energy in = energy out
weight maintenance
31
energy in > energy out =
weight gain
32
energy in < energy out =
weight loss
33
applications to weight management?
- assess caloric intake - assess caloric expenditure - calculate the energy balance
34
for weight maintenance, you should ___ caloric expenditure and ____caloric intake
increase, decrease
35
energy balance occurs when
energy intake = energy expenditure
36
energy intake =
kcal from food
37
energy expenditure =
- energy expended at rest (basal metabolic rate, or resting metabolic rate) - physical activity - thermic effect of food
38
For energy balance, physical activity should be ____% of total expenditure. Influenced by intensity, duration, muscles used
15-35
39
thermic effect of food
- energy expended to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store food - 5-10% of total expenditure - lower for fat, higher for protein and CHO
40
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is
minimal amount of energy needed to maintain basic physiological functions
41
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is
energy required to maintain essential physiological processes in a relaxed, awake, and reclined state
42
metabolic rate varies with:
age, gender, body size & composition
43
Estimate of EE - RMR
- multiply body weight in lbs by: 10 for females, 11 for males * then add TEF (10% of RMR) & PA
44
benefits of exercise increase the following
- energy expenditure - weight maintenance - preservation of lean tissue - spi and norepi --fat mobilzation - fat utilization
45
exercise might also
increase post exercise RMR, reduce the decrease in RMR from dieting
46
energy consumption considerations
- monitor # of calories ingested by food (calorie counter, # of servings) - Are recommended AMDRs being met? cho, fat, protein
47
decreasing intake
change the what, how, where, and when its eaten
48
decreasing intake cont'd
- sedentary society - requires less calories - lower fat, high-fibre approaches - read food labels - keep food log (portion distortion)
49
no diet has a
metabolic average
50
weight control guidelines (ACSM)
- well balanced diet - weight loss should NOT exceed 2lbs/wk - calorie deficit should not exceed 1000 kcal/d - caloric intake minimum of 1200 kcal/day - 3 meals per day minimum - more is better - adjust eating and exercise habits
51
PA to prevent weight gain:
150-250 min/wk equals 1200-2000 kcal/wk | - prevents weight gain in most adults
52
PA for weight loss:
- < 150 min/wk = minimal weight loss - > 150 min/wk = moderate loss (2-3 kg) > 225-420 min/wk = high loss (5 - 7.5 kg) - dose-response relationship exists
53
What is a FAD diet?
tip-offs that program you're interested in this one
54
what do FAD diets promote?
- program based on new discovery - rapid weight loss with no exercise - special foods only available from promoter - rigid & limited menu - diets that over or under emphasize specific, narrowly defined nutrients as the key to weight loss
55
Why are FAD diets successful in attracting customers?
Appeal to the concerns of many people e.g. being overweight, not muscular enough, reduce effects of aging, eat anything you want and still be able to lose weight
56
USA population spends this amount on fad diets and related products
60 billion...fattest country on planet
57
diets focusing on macronutrient composition
- encourage increased consumption of certain macronutrients and restrict consumption of others - e.g. - diets high in CHO and moderate in fat and protein
58
Sound weight loss program:
- rate of loss - flexibility - intake - behavior modification - overall health
59
steps to take for a sound weight loss program:
seek advice from a registered dietician - control caloric intake - increase physical activity - ackowledge need for lifelong changes to maintain healthy weight
60
weightloss tripod
- control calorie intake - correct problem behavior - perform regular physical activity
61
Gastroplasty
- most common surgical procedure for treating severe obesity - reduces the 'empty' stomach size (from 1000ml to 30ml) - overeating will result in rapid vomiting - smaller stomach promotes satiety earlier - 75% will lose ~50% of excess body weight

nutrition (10 decks)

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