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nutrition > nutrients in bone health (cont'd from last deck) > Flashcards

nutrients in bone health (cont'd from last deck) Flashcards

1
Q

cost to healthcare in canada

A

1.3 billion

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2
Q

functions of bone

A
  • provide physical support
  • allow body movement
  • protection of internal organs
  • storage of minerals
  • production of blood cells
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3
Q

Is there a cure for osteoporosis?

A

no

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4
Q

these medications slow down osteoporosis

A

anti-resorptive medications with doctor monitoring

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5
Q

although vitamins and minerals do not directly provide energy, we are unable to generate energy from the _____without them

A

macronutrients

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6
Q

B vitamins are important in assisting us with

A

energy metabolism

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7
Q

coenzyme

A

molecule that combined with an enzyme to activate it and help it do its job

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8
Q

riboflavin part of these two coenzymes…which…

A 
flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
- break down glucose and fatty acids
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9
Q

the mineral chromium helps improve ___uptake into the cells

A

glucose

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10
Q

beriberi

A

disease of muscle wasting and nerve damage caused by thiamin deficiency

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11
Q

beriberi comes in these two forms

A
  • wet, where cardiovascular system is affected

- dry - nervous system

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12
Q

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

A

form of thiamin deficiency seen in chronic alcoholics that results in mental confusion/ loss of memory

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13
Q

thiamine plays a critical role in the breaking down of glucose for energy and acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of the following amino acids

A

leucine, isoleucine, valine, also referred to as the branched-chain amino acids

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14
Q

good sources of thiamin

A

enriched cereals and grains, whole grain products, wheat germ and yeast extracts, ready to eat cereals, ham and other pork products, organ meats of most animals, peas, asparagus, okra

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15
Q

lowest sources of thiamin

A

refined sugars and fats. Unless milled grains are fortified (thiamin added back), they are poor sources

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16
Q

beriberi symptoms

A

fatigue, apathy, muscle weakness, detriments in cognitive function. The body’s inability to metabolize energy/synthesize neurotransmitters also leads to muscle wasting, nerve damage peralysis; later stages - unable to move at all. patient may die of heart failiure

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17
Q

beriberi is seen in countries in which

A

unenriched, processed grains are a primary food source

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18
Q

beriberi is also seen in industrialized countries in people with

A

heavy alcohol consumption and limited food intake

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19
Q

treatment of choice for beriberi

A

thiamin supplementation

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20
Q

two vitamins in the extracts of rice polishing

A

one that cured beriberi and another that stimulated growth (vitamin b12)

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21
Q

riboflavin is destroyed when it is exposed to

A

light

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22
Q

best to store milk in

A

opaque containers

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23
Q

although whole grains are low in riboflavin, _____&____ of grains have increased the inake, especially ready to eat cereals and energy bars, whch can provide 25-100% of the daily value for riboflavin in 1 serving

A

fortification and enrichment

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24
Q

ariboflavinosis

A

deficiency in riboflavin

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25
Q

riboflavin deficiency can have profound effects on

A

energy production, which result in ‘nondescript’ symptoms such as fatigue and muscle weakness

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26
Q

more advanced riboflavin deficiency can result in

A

dry/scaly lips, inflammation, ulcers of mucous membranes of mouth and throat, changes in cornea, amenia, personality changes

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27
Q

it is now known that ____can be decreased by higher riboflavin intakes

A

cataract formation

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28
Q

pellagra is

A

disease from niacin deficiency

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29
Q

symptoms of pellagra

A

dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death - four Ds

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30
Q

pellagra develops into

A

digestive and nervous systems

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31
Q

these diets are low in niacin and the amino acid tryptophan, which can be converted into niacin in the body

A

corn diets

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32
Q

niacin refers to these two compounds, which are converted to active coenzymes that assist in metabolism of carbs and fatty acids for energy

A

nicotinamide and nicotinic acid

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33
Q

niacin also plays an important role in

A

DNA replication and repair and in cell differentiation

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34
Q

good sources of niacin

A

yeast, meats (including fish and poultry), cereals, legumes and seeds
- milk, leafy veges, coffee, tea

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35
Q

niacin can cause toxicity symptoms when taken in

A

supplement form

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36
Q

niacin supp. symptoms

A

flushing - burning, tingling, itching sensation accompanied by a reddened flush

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37
Q

vitamin B6 was discovered by

A

ruling out a deficiency of other b vitamins as the cause of a scaly dermatitis in rats

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38
Q

The term vitamin b6 can refer to

A

any of six related compounds: pyridoxine (PN), PL, PM and the phosphate forms of these three compunds

  • coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes
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39
Q

vitamin b6 is involved in many

A

metabolic processes

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40
Q

amino acid metabolism:

A

vit b6 is important for metabolism of amino acids because it plays a critical role in transamination - key process in making non essential amino acids

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41
Q

neurotransmitter synthesis

A

vit b6 is a cofactor for enzymes involved in synthesis of several nt’s. which is also a transamination process

  • important in cognitive function and normal brain activity
  • abnormal brain waves have been observed in both infants and adults in vit b6 deficient states
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42
Q

carbohydrate metabolism

A

vit b6 breaks down stored glycogen to glucose. Plays important role in maintaining blood glucose during exercise. Also important for conversion of amino acids into glucose

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43
Q

immune function

A

vit b6 maintains health and activity of lymphocytes and in producing adequate levels of antibodies in response to an immune challenge

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44
Q

depression of immune system seen in vitamin b6 deficiency may also be due to a reduction in the vitamin b6 dependent enzymes involved in:

A

DNA synthesis

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45
Q

metabolism of other nutrients

A

vit b6 plays role in metabolism of other nutrients including niacin, folate, and carnitine

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46
Q

homocysteine:

A

amino acid that requires adequate levels of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin b12 for its metabolism

  • high levels in the blood are associated with an increased risk for vascular diseases, such as cardiovascular disease
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47
Q

sources of vitamin b6

A

asparagus, potatoes, carrots; fruits, especially bananas (many veges)

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48
Q

vitamin b6 is sensitive to

A

heat and light. can be lost in cooking

49
Q

vitamin b6 supplements have been used to treat conditions such as

A

PMS and carpal tunnel syndrome

50
Q

this condition has been documented in those taking high dose vitamin b6 supplements

A

sensory neuropathy

51
Q

symptoms of vitamin b6 deficiency

A

anemia, convulsions, depression, confusion, inflamed patches on skin

  • decreased ability to metabolize amino acid methionine and a resultant increased risk for CVD
52
Q

Folate is found in

A

leafy green vegetables

53
Q

folate requiring reactions in the body are collectively called

A

1-C metabolism. This means folate is involved in adding ‘one carbon units’ to other organic compounds during synthesis of new compounds/modification of old ones

54
Q

the most basic cellular functions, such as the synthesis of DNA, require:

A

folate

55
Q

nucleotide synthesis

A
  • folate is required for the synthesis of nitrogen containing compounds needed for DNA synthesis. For this reason folate is important for cell division.
  • AI critical during first few weeks of pregnancy
56
Q

folate continues to be important for _____&_______

A

tissue maintenance and repair throughout life

57
Q

low folate may predispose normal tissues to increased risk of transformation into ____, while folate supp. appears to suppress the development of ______

A

cancer cells, tumours

58
Q

Folate is involved in the metabolism of many of the amino acids, including:

A

serine, glycine, histdine, methionine

59
Q

These three are required for the metabolism of methionine

A

folate, Vitamin b12&6

60
Q

without adequate folate, the synthesis of _______is impaired

A

normal red blood cells (RBCs)

61
Q

too much folate can

A

cause toxicity when taking supps.

  • it can mask a simultaneous vitamin b12 deficiency
62
Q

neural tube defects

A

most common malformations of the CNS that occur during fetal devlopment. A folate deficiency can cause neural tube defects

63
Q

macrocytic anemia

A

a form of anemia manifested as the production of larger than normal red blood cells containing insufficient hemoglobin, which inhibits adequate transport of oxygen
- caused by severe folate deficiency

64
Q

pernicious anemia

A

insufficient intake of vitamin b12 or the inability to absorb it consumed; often occurs at the end stage of a disorder that causes certain loss of cells in stomach

65
Q

vitamin b12 is important in the metabolism of methionine, an essential amino acid, and assits in the synthesis of biological compounds such as:

A

creatine, phospholipids, neurotransmitters, DNA, RNA

66
Q

deficiency in vitamin b12 is most pronounced in rapidly dividing cells, such as

A

RBCs

  • results in a form of macrocytic anemia
67
Q

metabolic pathway involved in metabolism converts folate to its active form, which is a _____ dependent process

A

vitamin b12

68
Q

vitamin b12 is also important for the metabolism of certain

A

abnormal fatty acids

69
Q

when vitamin b12 is deficient in the diet, abnormal fatty acids accumlate in the blood and are incoporated into cell membranes, including those in the _____, where they cause neurologic problems

A

nervous system

70
Q

b12 is essential for healthy functioning of NS because it helps maintain the _____ _____ that coats nerve fibres

A

myelin sheath

71
Q

atrophic gastritis

A

results in low stomach acid secretion; estimated to occur in 10-30% of adults older than 50 years

72
Q

intrinsic factor

A

a protein secreted by cells of the stomach that binds to vitamin B12 and aids its absorption in the small intestine

73
Q

two primary causes of vit b12 deficiency

A

insufficient intake and inability to absorb

74
Q

pantothenic acid

A

component of important coenzyme required for all energy producing metabolic pathways, especially for breaking down/synthesis of fatty acids in the body

75
Q

pantothenic acid assures:

A

assures that the foods we eat can be used for energy and that the excess energy we consume can be stored as fat

76
Q

food sources for pantothenic acid:

A

chicken, beef, egg yolks, potatoes, oat cereals, tomato products, whole grains, organ meats, yeast

77
Q

biotin

A

coenzyme for five enyzmes that are critical in metabolism of carbs, fat and protein
- gluconeogensis

78
Q

biotin is high in

A

liver, egg yolks, cooked cereals

79
Q

biotin is also produced by the

A

intestinal flora in the gut

- availability for absorption is low

80
Q

biotin deficiencies

A
  • people who consume a large number of raw egg whites

- people fed total parental nutrition

81
Q

biotin symptoms

A

thinning of hair; loss of hair colour; development of a red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth; depression; hallucinations

82
Q

acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter that is involved in many functions, including muscle movement and memory storage

83
Q

choline is a vitamin-like substance found in many foods. It is typically grouped with __ vitamins because of its role in assisting ____ _____

A

B, homocysteine metabolism

84
Q

choline is necessary for the synthesis of ____

A

phospholipids and other components of cell membranes

85
Q

choline also plays an important role in the transport and metabolism of ___&____

A

fats and cholesterol

86
Q

foods with choline

A

milk, liver, eggs, peants

87
Q

inadequate intakes of choline can lead to increased ________ in the liver, leading to liver damage

A

fat accumulation

88
Q

excessive intake of supplemental choline results in these toxicity symptoms:

A

fishy body odour, vomiting, excess salivation, sweating, diarrhea, low blood pressure

89
Q

This is a trace mineral needed to support energy regulation. The heaviest metal required for human nutrition

A

iodine

90
Q

iodine found in earth’s environment ___

A

inorganic

91
Q

the form of iodine nutrient most common in food is ____

A

oxidized

92
Q

goitre

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland; caused by either iodine toxicity or deficiency

93
Q

cretinism

A

form of mental retardation that occurs in children whose mothers experienced iodine deficiency during pregnancy

94
Q

chromium supplements are marked to:

A

reduce body fat and enhance muscle mass

95
Q

sulfur helps stabilize the three-dimensional shape of _____

A

proteins

96
Q

eryhrocytes

A

RBC’s - transport oxygen in our blood

97
Q

leukocytes

A

WBC’s - protect us from infection and illness

98
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments that assist in formation of blood clots and help stop bleeding

99
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion of blood; maintain adequate blood volume so blood can flow easily throughout body

100
Q

vitamin K deficiency inhibits

A

ability to form blood clots, resulting in excessive bleeding and severe hemorrhaging

101
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen-carrying protein found in our RBC’s; almost two thirds of all iron in our bodies found here

102
Q

heme

A

iron-containing molecule found in hemoglobin

103
Q

myoglobinI

A

iron containing protein similar to hemoglobin except that it is found in muscle cells

104
Q

iron is able to bind with and release atoms such as

A

oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur

105
Q

excess irons can act as a _____ and promote the production of free radicals

A

pro-oxidant

106
Q

like vitamin b12, iron is required for maintenance of the _____covering nerve fibres

A

myelin sheath

107
Q

ferritin

A

a storage form of iron in our body, found primarily in the intestinal mucosa, spleen, bone marrow, and liver

108
Q

hemosiderin

A

a storage form of iron found in meat, fish, and poultry that enhances the absorption of non-heme iron

109
Q

non-heme iron is found in both

A

plant based and animal based foods

110
Q

heme iron is much more ____ than non-heme

A

absorbable

111
Q

meat factor

A

special factor found in meat, fish, and poultry that enhances the absorption of non-heme iron

112
Q

dietary factors that impair iron absoption include:

A

phytates, polyphenols, vegetable proteins, and calcium

113
Q

phytates are found in

A

legumes, rice, whole grains

114
Q

polyphenols include tannins found in

A

tea, coffee, and they are present in oregano and red wine

115
Q

bioavailability of iron from a vegan diet is approximately __%

A

10

116
Q

adults who take iron supps commonly experience

A

constipation

117
Q

taking ___ with iron supps can reduce constipation

A

vitamin c

118
Q

hemochromatosis is characterized by excessive absorption of _____&____

A

dietary iron and altered iron storage

119
Q

men are at higher risk for cirrhosis of liver due to

A

higher losses of iron in women through menstruation

nutrition (10 decks)

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