nutrients in bone health (cont'd from last deck) Flashcards
1
Q
cost to healthcare in canada
A
1.3 billion
2
Q
functions of bone
A
- provide physical support
- allow body movement
- protection of internal organs
- storage of minerals
- production of blood cells
3
Q
Is there a cure for osteoporosis?
A
no
4
Q
these medications slow down osteoporosis
A
anti-resorptive medications with doctor monitoring
5
Q
although vitamins and minerals do not directly provide energy, we are unable to generate energy from the _____without them
A
macronutrients
6
Q
B vitamins are important in assisting us with
A
energy metabolism
7
Q
coenzyme
A
molecule that combined with an enzyme to activate it and help it do its job
8
Q
riboflavin part of these two coenzymes…which…
A
flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - break down glucose and fatty acids
9
Q
the mineral chromium helps improve ___uptake into the cells
A
glucose
10
Q
beriberi
A
disease of muscle wasting and nerve damage caused by thiamin deficiency
11
Q
beriberi comes in these two forms
A
- wet, where cardiovascular system is affected
- dry - nervous system
12
Q
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
A
form of thiamin deficiency seen in chronic alcoholics that results in mental confusion/ loss of memory
13
Q
thiamine plays a critical role in the breaking down of glucose for energy and acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of the following amino acids
A
leucine, isoleucine, valine, also referred to as the branched-chain amino acids
14
Q
good sources of thiamin
A
enriched cereals and grains, whole grain products, wheat germ and yeast extracts, ready to eat cereals, ham and other pork products, organ meats of most animals, peas, asparagus, okra
15
Q
lowest sources of thiamin
A
refined sugars and fats. Unless milled grains are fortified (thiamin added back), they are poor sources
16
Q
beriberi symptoms
A
fatigue, apathy, muscle weakness, detriments in cognitive function. The body’s inability to metabolize energy/synthesize neurotransmitters also leads to muscle wasting, nerve damage peralysis; later stages - unable to move at all. patient may die of heart failiure
17
Q
beriberi is seen in countries in which
A
unenriched, processed grains are a primary food source
18
Q
beriberi is also seen in industrialized countries in people with
A
heavy alcohol consumption and limited food intake
19
Q
treatment of choice for beriberi
A
thiamin supplementation
20
Q
two vitamins in the extracts of rice polishing
A
one that cured beriberi and another that stimulated growth (vitamin b12)
21
Q
riboflavin is destroyed when it is exposed to
A
light
22
Q
best to store milk in
A
opaque containers
23
Q
although whole grains are low in riboflavin, _____&____ of grains have increased the inake, especially ready to eat cereals and energy bars, whch can provide 25-100% of the daily value for riboflavin in 1 serving
A
fortification and enrichment
24
Q
ariboflavinosis
A
deficiency in riboflavin
25
riboflavin deficiency can have profound effects on
energy production, which result in 'nondescript' symptoms such as fatigue and muscle weakness
26
more advanced riboflavin deficiency can result in
dry/scaly lips, inflammation, ulcers of mucous membranes of mouth and throat, changes in cornea, amenia, personality changes
27
it is now known that ____can be decreased by higher riboflavin intakes
cataract formation
28
pellagra is
disease from niacin deficiency
29
symptoms of pellagra
dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death - four Ds
30
pellagra develops into
digestive and nervous systems
31
these diets are low in niacin and the amino acid tryptophan, which can be converted into niacin in the body
corn diets
32
niacin refers to these two compounds, which are converted to active coenzymes that assist in metabolism of carbs and fatty acids for energy
nicotinamide and nicotinic acid
33
niacin also plays an important role in
DNA replication and repair and in cell differentiation
34
good sources of niacin
yeast, meats (including fish and poultry), cereals, legumes and seeds
- milk, leafy veges, coffee, tea
35
niacin can cause toxicity symptoms when taken in
supplement form
36
niacin supp. symptoms
flushing - burning, tingling, itching sensation accompanied by a reddened flush
37
vitamin B6 was discovered by
ruling out a deficiency of other b vitamins as the cause of a scaly dermatitis in rats
38
The term vitamin b6 can refer to
any of six related compounds: pyridoxine (PN), PL, PM and the phosphate forms of these three compunds
- coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes
39
vitamin b6 is involved in many
metabolic processes
40
amino acid metabolism:
vit b6 is important for metabolism of amino acids because it plays a critical role in transamination - key process in making non essential amino acids
41
neurotransmitter synthesis
vit b6 is a cofactor for enzymes involved in synthesis of several nt's. which is also a transamination process
- important in cognitive function and normal brain activity
- abnormal brain waves have been observed in both infants and adults in vit b6 deficient states
42
carbohydrate metabolism
vit b6 breaks down stored glycogen to glucose. Plays important role in maintaining blood glucose during exercise. Also important for conversion of amino acids into glucose
43
immune function
vit b6 maintains health and activity of lymphocytes and in producing adequate levels of antibodies in response to an immune challenge
44
depression of immune system seen in vitamin b6 deficiency may also be due to a reduction in the vitamin b6 dependent enzymes involved in:
DNA synthesis
45
metabolism of other nutrients
vit b6 plays role in metabolism of other nutrients including niacin, folate, and carnitine
46
homocysteine:
amino acid that requires adequate levels of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin b12 for its metabolism
- high levels in the blood are associated with an increased risk for vascular diseases, such as cardiovascular disease
47
sources of vitamin b6
asparagus, potatoes, carrots; fruits, especially bananas (many veges)
48
vitamin b6 is sensitive to
heat and light. can be lost in cooking
49
vitamin b6 supplements have been used to treat conditions such as
PMS and carpal tunnel syndrome
50
this condition has been documented in those taking high dose vitamin b6 supplements
sensory neuropathy
51
symptoms of vitamin b6 deficiency
anemia, convulsions, depression, confusion, inflamed patches on skin
- decreased ability to metabolize amino acid methionine and a resultant increased risk for CVD
52
Folate is found in
leafy green vegetables
53
folate requiring reactions in the body are collectively called
1-C metabolism. This means folate is involved in adding 'one carbon units' to other organic compounds during synthesis of new compounds/modification of old ones
54
the most basic cellular functions, such as the synthesis of DNA, require:
folate
55
nucleotide synthesis
- folate is required for the synthesis of nitrogen containing compounds needed for DNA synthesis. For this reason folate is important for cell division.
- AI critical during first few weeks of pregnancy
56
folate continues to be important for _____&_______
tissue maintenance and repair throughout life
57
low folate may predispose normal tissues to increased risk of transformation into ____, while folate supp. appears to suppress the development of ______
cancer cells, tumours
58
Folate is involved in the metabolism of many of the amino acids, including:
serine, glycine, histdine, methionine
59
These three are required for the metabolism of methionine
folate, Vitamin b12&6
60
without adequate folate, the synthesis of _______is impaired
normal red blood cells (RBCs)
61
too much folate can
cause toxicity when taking supps.
- it can mask a simultaneous vitamin b12 deficiency
62
neural tube defects
most common malformations of the CNS that occur during fetal devlopment. A folate deficiency can cause neural tube defects
63
macrocytic anemia
a form of anemia manifested as the production of larger than normal red blood cells containing insufficient hemoglobin, which inhibits adequate transport of oxygen
- caused by severe folate deficiency
64
pernicious anemia
insufficient intake of vitamin b12 or the inability to absorb it consumed; often occurs at the end stage of a disorder that causes certain loss of cells in stomach
65
vitamin b12 is important in the metabolism of methionine, an essential amino acid, and assits in the synthesis of biological compounds such as:
creatine, phospholipids, neurotransmitters, DNA, RNA
66
deficiency in vitamin b12 is most pronounced in rapidly dividing cells, such as
RBCs
- results in a form of macrocytic anemia
67
metabolic pathway involved in metabolism converts folate to its active form, which is a _____ dependent process
vitamin b12
68
vitamin b12 is also important for the metabolism of certain
abnormal fatty acids
69
when vitamin b12 is deficient in the diet, abnormal fatty acids accumlate in the blood and are incoporated into cell membranes, including those in the _____, where they cause neurologic problems
nervous system
70
b12 is essential for healthy functioning of NS because it helps maintain the _____ _____ that coats nerve fibres
myelin sheath
71
atrophic gastritis
results in low stomach acid secretion; estimated to occur in 10-30% of adults older than 50 years
72
intrinsic factor
a protein secreted by cells of the stomach that binds to vitamin B12 and aids its absorption in the small intestine
73
two primary causes of vit b12 deficiency
insufficient intake and inability to absorb
74
pantothenic acid
component of important coenzyme required for all energy producing metabolic pathways, especially for breaking down/synthesis of fatty acids in the body
75
pantothenic acid assures:
assures that the foods we eat can be used for energy and that the excess energy we consume can be stored as fat
76
food sources for pantothenic acid:
chicken, beef, egg yolks, potatoes, oat cereals, tomato products, whole grains, organ meats, yeast
77
biotin
coenzyme for five enyzmes that are critical in metabolism of carbs, fat and protein
- gluconeogensis
78
biotin is high in
liver, egg yolks, cooked cereals
79
biotin is also produced by the
intestinal flora in the gut
| - availability for absorption is low
80
biotin deficiencies
- people who consume a large number of raw egg whites
| - people fed total parental nutrition
81
biotin symptoms
thinning of hair; loss of hair colour; development of a red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth; depression; hallucinations
82
acetylcholine
a neurotransmitter that is involved in many functions, including muscle movement and memory storage
83
choline is a vitamin-like substance found in many foods. It is typically grouped with __ vitamins because of its role in assisting ____ _____
B, homocysteine metabolism
84
choline is necessary for the synthesis of ____
phospholipids and other components of cell membranes
85
choline also plays an important role in the transport and metabolism of ___&____
fats and cholesterol
86
foods with choline
milk, liver, eggs, peants
87
inadequate intakes of choline can lead to increased ________ in the liver, leading to liver damage
fat accumulation
88
excessive intake of supplemental choline results in these toxicity symptoms:
fishy body odour, vomiting, excess salivation, sweating, diarrhea, low blood pressure
89
This is a trace mineral needed to support energy regulation. The heaviest metal required for human nutrition
iodine
90
iodine found in earth's environment ___
inorganic
91
the form of iodine nutrient most common in food is ____
oxidized
92
goitre
enlargement of the thyroid gland; caused by either iodine toxicity or deficiency
93
cretinism
form of mental retardation that occurs in children whose mothers experienced iodine deficiency during pregnancy
94
chromium supplements are marked to:
reduce body fat and enhance muscle mass
95
sulfur helps stabilize the three-dimensional shape of _____
proteins
96
eryhrocytes
RBC's - transport oxygen in our blood
97
leukocytes
WBC's - protect us from infection and illness
98
platelets
cell fragments that assist in formation of blood clots and help stop bleeding
99
plasma
fluid portion of blood; maintain adequate blood volume so blood can flow easily throughout body
100
vitamin K deficiency inhibits
ability to form blood clots, resulting in excessive bleeding and severe hemorrhaging
101
hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying protein found in our RBC's; almost two thirds of all iron in our bodies found here
102
heme
iron-containing molecule found in hemoglobin
103
myoglobinI
iron containing protein similar to hemoglobin except that it is found in muscle cells
104
iron is able to bind with and release atoms such as
oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur
105
excess irons can act as a _____ and promote the production of free radicals
pro-oxidant
106
like vitamin b12, iron is required for maintenance of the _____covering nerve fibres
myelin sheath
107
ferritin
a storage form of iron in our body, found primarily in the intestinal mucosa, spleen, bone marrow, and liver
108
hemosiderin
a storage form of iron found in meat, fish, and poultry that enhances the absorption of non-heme iron
109
non-heme iron is found in both
plant based and animal based foods
110
heme iron is much more ____ than non-heme
absorbable
111
meat factor
special factor found in meat, fish, and poultry that enhances the absorption of non-heme iron
112
dietary factors that impair iron absoption include:
phytates, polyphenols, vegetable proteins, and calcium
113
phytates are found in
legumes, rice, whole grains
114
polyphenols include tannins found in
tea, coffee, and they are present in oregano and red wine
115
bioavailability of iron from a vegan diet is approximately __%
10
116
adults who take iron supps commonly experience
constipation
117
taking ___ with iron supps can reduce constipation
vitamin c
118
hemochromatosis is characterized by excessive absorption of _____&____
dietary iron and altered iron storage
119
men are at higher risk for cirrhosis of liver due to
higher losses of iron in women through menstruation
