Fluid Balance and Hydration Flashcards
1
Q
A healthy adult is composed of this amount of fluids
A
- 50-70%
2
Q
About 2/3 of this fluid is within body cells and is called
A
intracellular fluid (inside of cell)
3
Q
the remaining 1/3 of fluid in the body is called
A
extracellular fluid (outside of cell)
4
Q
composition of tissue varies by the following:
A
- tissue type - lean tissues have higher fluid content than fat tissues
- sex - males have more lean tissue and therefore more body fluid
- age - lean tissue is lost with age
5
Q
body fluid is composed of
A
- water
- Electrolytes: mineral salts dissolved in water
6
Q
electrolytes include:
A
sodium
- potassium
- chloride
- phosphorus
7
Q
functions of electrolytes:
A
- help nerves respond to stimuli
- signal our muscles to contract
- help regulate fluid balance
8
Q
functions of potassium:
A
- fluid and electrolyte balance
- muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses
- high intake helps maintain lower blood pressure
*AI: 4.7g/day
9
Q
functions of chloride:
A
- assits maintaining fluid balance
- assists immune system
- to a lesser extent - nerve impulse transmission, digestion (HCl in the stomach)
AI: 2.3g/day
10
Q
functions of phosphorus
A
- required for fluid balance
- critical role in bone formation
- regulates biochemical pathways by activating/deactivating enzymes
- found in ATP, DNA, RNA
AI: 700mg/day
11
Q
functions of sodium:
A
- fluid and electrolyte balance
- assoc. w/ blood pressure & pH balance
- required for nerve impulse transmission
- assist in transport of certain nutrients (glucose) into body cells
AI: 1.5g/day; UL: 2.3g/day
12
Q
cerebrospinal fluid:
A
protects brain and spinal column
13
Q
amniotic fluid:
A
protects fetus
14
Q
synovial fluid:
A
lubricant around joints
15
Q
Digestive secretions:
A
allow easy passage of material
16
Q
Normothermia =
A
36.5-37.5 C
17
Q
Hypothermia =
Hyperthermia =
A
lower than normal CT (core temperature)
- higher than normal
18
Q
41 degrees celcius =
43 =
34 =
0.1=
A
- voluntary upper limit
- upper limit for life
- lower limit for life
- change in CT is physiologically significant
19
Q
Heat loss mechanisms:
A
- evaporation (>80% during exercise)
- radiation
- conduction
- convection
20
Q
sweat glands:
A
pull moisture from body cells and blood plasma
21
Q
How much water? (if sedentary)
A
- 3.7L for males (3l as beverages)
- 2.7 L for females (2.2L as beverages)
22
Q
glucose concentrations of ~6-8% during exercise aid what?
what are the effects?
A
- absorption and palatability
- can greatly prolong exercise duration
23
Q
electrolytes aid replenishment of?
A
lost stores
24
Q
most water is lost through?
A
urine
25
this controls how much water is reabsorbe:
kidneys
26
excess water is processed by the ____ and excreted as ____
kidneys & urine
27
insensible water is:
lost through the skin (evaporation) or the lungs during exhalation
28
Sensive water is:
noticed by a person, e.g. urine, visible sweating
29
most water enters the body through?
beverages
30
metabolic water is a product of?
many chemical reactions in the body and contributes 10-14% of the daily needs
31
Loss of 1-2% of body weight in fluid is a:
thirst signal/mechanism
32
Loss of 2% of more of body weight:
- causes muscle weakness
| - lose significant strength and endurance
33
Loss of 10-12% of body weight:
heat intolerance
34
Loss of 20% of body weight:
coma and death
35
what is thirst signal is ignored?
shortage of water increases fluid conservation
36
Antidiuretic hormone:
- released by the pituitary gland
| - forces kidneys to conserve water (reduce urine flow)
37
Aldosterone:
- responds to drop in BP
| - signals the kidney to retain sodium, water follows
38
Disorders related to fluid and elctrolyte imbalance include
- dehydration
- heat stroke
- hypertension
- neuropathic disorders
- muscle disorders
- water intoxication (hyponatraemia)
39
Hyponatremia
condition of subnormal levels of sodium in the blood
40
this is known as consuming too much water at rest
water intoxication
41
EAH (exrcise associated hypotemia) symptoms:
bloating, puffiness of hands/feet, nausea, vomiting, headache
42
severe cases of EAH:
massive brain swelling (seizures) coma, respiratory arrest, permanent brain damage, & death
43
two types of extracellular fluid:
Tissue fluid & Intravascular fluid
44
Tissue fluid (interstitial)
flows between the cells that make up a particular tissue or organ, such as muscle fibres or the liver
- cerobrospinal fluid, mucus, and synovial fluid within joints, are also tissue fluid
45
intravascular fluid
found within blood and lymphatic vessels. Plasma is the fluid portion of blood that transports RBC through blood vessels
- plasma also contains proteins that are too large to leak out of blood vessels into the surrounding tissue fluid
46
fluid
a substance composed of molecules that move past one another freely. Fluids are characterized by their ability to conform to the shape of whatever container holds them
47
Lean tissues, such as muscle, are more than__% fluid by weight, whereas fat tissue is only between __% & __% fluid
70, 10&20
48
Body fluid levels vary according to
gender and age
49
Males have more ___ and thus a higher percentrage of body weight as fluid than females
lean tissue
50
electrolyte
a substance that disassociates in solution into positively and negatively charged ions and is thus capable of carrying an electrical current
51
ion
electrically charged particle, pos or neg charged
52
these two dominate in the intracellular fluid
potassium and phosphate
53
water is a excellent
solvent: capable of dissolving wide variety of substances
54
since blood is mostly water, it is able to transport a variety of solutes such as
amino acids, glucose, water-soluble vitamins, minerals and medications - to body cells
55
what does not dissolve in water?
lipids and fats
56
lipids and fat soluble vitamins are either attached or surrounded by ____ so they can be transported in the blood to the cells
water-soluble proteins
57
Blood volume is
amount of fluid in blood: appropriate levels are essential to maintaining healthful blood volume
58
water has a high capacity for?
heat
59
body fluids are our primary
coolant
60
when heat needs to be released from the body, there is an ___ in the flow of blood from the warm body core to the ____ lying just under the skin
increase, vessels
61
heat from the body core out to the periphery, is released from the ____
skin
62
cell membranes are __to water, meaning water flows easily through them
permeable
63
sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes stay where they are, either inside or outside a cell, unless they care actively transported across the cell membrane by special ____
transport proteins
64
osmosis
the movement of water (or any solvent) through a semi-permeable membrane from an area where solutes are less concentrated to areas where solutes are highly concentrated
- provides a body mechanism
65
electrolytes are critical in our ___ to respond to stimuli
nerves
66
nerve impulses are initiated at the memberaine of a ____ to respond to stimuli
nerve cell
67
depolarization:
stimuli prompt changes in membranes that allow an influx of sodium into the nerve cell, causing the cell to become slightly less negatively charged
68
if enough sodium enters the cel, an elctrical impulse is generated along the _____
cell membrane
69
the return to the initial electrical state is termed
repolarization
70
both ___ and ____ play critical roles in ensuring that nerve impulses are generated, transmitted, and completed
sodium and potassium
71
muscle contraction occurs in response to stimulation of ____
nerve cells
72
when a muscle fibre is stimulated by an electrical signal, changes occur in the cell membrane that lead to an increased flow of ___ into the muscle from the extracellular space
calcium
73
certain illnesses can threaten the delicate balance of fluid inside and outside the cells and impair the function of ___ & ____
nerves and muscles
74
hospitalization due to excessive diarrhea/vomiting, the body loses a great deal of fluid from the ____&_____
intestinal tract and extracellular environment
75
A large fluid loss causes the extracellular electrolyte concentration to become
In response, a great deal of ____ flows out of the cells
very high
intracellular fluid
76
thirst mechanism
a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalmus that stimulate our conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in the concentration of salt in our blood or a decrease in blood pressure/volume
77
factors that lead to thirst
- increased concentration of sodium and other dissolved subtances in our blood
- dryness in tissues of mmouth and throat
78
once the hypothalmus detects such changes, it stimulates the release of a ___ that signals the kidneys to reduce urine flow and return more water to the bloodstream
hormone
79
the kidneys also secrete an ___that triggers blood vessels throughout the body to constrict, helpig it retain water
enzyme
80
water is drawn out of the ____ in an attempt to further dilute the concentration of blood solutes; this causes the mouth and throat to become even drier
salivary glands
81
we obtain fluid we need each day from three primary sources:
beverages, foods, and the body's production of metabolic water
82
metabolic water
water formed as a by-product of our body's metabolic reactions
83
diuretic
substance that increased fluid floss via the urine. common: alcohol, prescription meds, over the counter weight loss pills
84
these two also function as electrolytes and influence our body's fluid balance and neuromuscular function
calcium and magnesium
85
although we can live weeks without food, we can survive only a few days without___, depending on the environmental temperature
water
86
highly active male athlete in training in a hot environment may require up to _L of fluid per day while an inactive petite women may require _L
10 & 3
87
water we drink in canada comes from two sources
surface water (lakes, rivers, reservoirs) and ground water (underground rock formations called aquifers)
88
common contaminants of surface water
runoff from highways, pesticides, animal wastes, and industrial wastes
89
contaiminats of ground water
hazardous substances leaking from waste sites, dumps, landfills, and oil and gas pipelines
90
salt, or sodium chloride is about __% sodium and __% chloride by weight
40, 60
91
one teaspoon of salt (5ml) weights about __g and contains about ____mg of sodium
5, 2300
92
hypernatremia
abnormally high blood sodium concentration
93
hypotremiia
abnormally low blood sodium levels, can occur in ppl enganged in strenous physical activity who drink large volumes of water and fail to replace sodium
94
hyperkalemia
a condition in which blood-potassium levels are very high
95
chloride works with the ___of our body during an immune response to help kill bacteria, and it assits in the transmission of nerve impulses
WBC
96
__% of our body's potassium is stored in our bones
85
97
Phosporus is a part of ____ & ____, and it is a component in cell membranes (as phospholipids) and lipoproteins
DNA & RNA
98
phytic acid
form of phosphorus stored in plants (beans, cereals, nuts)
99
Our body does not produce enzymes that can break down phytic acid, but we are still able to absorb up to __% of the phosphorus in plant foods because other foods and the bacteria in our ___ can break down phytic acid
50, large intenstine
100
deficiencies of phosphorus are
rare
101
people who may suffer from low blood phosphorus include
premature infants, elderly ppl with poor diets, people who abuse alcohol
102
people with vitamin d deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, and those who overuse antacids that bind with phosphorus may also have
low blood phosphorus levels
103
heat cramps
involuntary, spasmodic, and painful muscle contractions that are caused by electrolyte imbalances occurring as a result of strenous physical activity in high environmental heat
104
heat exhaustion
a serious condition, characterized by heaving sweating, paleness, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, and moderately elevated body temp, that develops from dehydration in high heat
105
heat stroke
a potentially fatal response to high temp characterized by failiure of the body's heat-regulating mechanisms; also called sunstroke
