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nutrition > Fluid Balance and Hydration > Flashcards

Fluid Balance and Hydration Flashcards

1
Q

A healthy adult is composed of this amount of fluids

A
  • 50-70%
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2
Q

About 2/3 of this fluid is within body cells and is called

A

intracellular fluid (inside of cell)

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3
Q

the remaining 1/3 of fluid in the body is called

A

extracellular fluid (outside of cell)

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4
Q

composition of tissue varies by the following:

A
  • tissue type - lean tissues have higher fluid content than fat tissues
  • sex - males have more lean tissue and therefore more body fluid
  • age - lean tissue is lost with age
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5
Q

body fluid is composed of

A
  • water

- Electrolytes: mineral salts dissolved in water

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6
Q

electrolytes include:

A

sodium

  • potassium
  • chloride
  • phosphorus
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7
Q

functions of electrolytes:

A
  • help nerves respond to stimuli
  • signal our muscles to contract
  • help regulate fluid balance
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8
Q

functions of potassium:

A
  • fluid and electrolyte balance
  • muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses
  • high intake helps maintain lower blood pressure

*AI: 4.7g/day

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9
Q

functions of chloride:

A
  • assits maintaining fluid balance
  • assists immune system
  • to a lesser extent - nerve impulse transmission, digestion (HCl in the stomach)
    AI: 2.3g/day
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10
Q

functions of phosphorus

A
  • required for fluid balance
  • critical role in bone formation
  • regulates biochemical pathways by activating/deactivating enzymes
  • found in ATP, DNA, RNA
    AI: 700mg/day
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11
Q

functions of sodium:

A
  • fluid and electrolyte balance
  • assoc. w/ blood pressure & pH balance
  • required for nerve impulse transmission
  • assist in transport of certain nutrients (glucose) into body cells
    AI: 1.5g/day; UL: 2.3g/day
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12
Q

cerebrospinal fluid:

A

protects brain and spinal column

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13
Q

amniotic fluid:

A

protects fetus

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14
Q

synovial fluid:

A

lubricant around joints

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15
Q

Digestive secretions:

A

allow easy passage of material

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16
Q

Normothermia =

A

36.5-37.5 C

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17
Q

Hypothermia =

Hyperthermia =

A

lower than normal CT (core temperature)

- higher than normal

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18
Q

41 degrees celcius =
43 =
34 =
0.1=

A
  • voluntary upper limit
  • upper limit for life
  • lower limit for life
  • change in CT is physiologically significant
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19
Q

Heat loss mechanisms:

A
  • evaporation (>80% during exercise)
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • convection
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20
Q

sweat glands:

A

pull moisture from body cells and blood plasma

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21
Q

How much water? (if sedentary)

A
  • 3.7L for males (3l as beverages)

- 2.7 L for females (2.2L as beverages)

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22
Q

glucose concentrations of ~6-8% during exercise aid what?

what are the effects?

A
  • absorption and palatability

- can greatly prolong exercise duration

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23
Q

electrolytes aid replenishment of?

A

lost stores

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24
Q

most water is lost through?

A

urine

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25
Q

this controls how much water is reabsorbe:

A

kidneys

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26
Q

excess water is processed by the ____ and excreted as ____

A

kidneys & urine

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27
Q

insensible water is:

A

lost through the skin (evaporation) or the lungs during exhalation

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28
Q

Sensive water is:

A

noticed by a person, e.g. urine, visible sweating

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29
Q

most water enters the body through?

A

beverages

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30
Q

metabolic water is a product of?

A

many chemical reactions in the body and contributes 10-14% of the daily needs

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31
Q

Loss of 1-2% of body weight in fluid is a:

A

thirst signal/mechanism

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32
Q

Loss of 2% of more of body weight:

A
  • causes muscle weakness

- lose significant strength and endurance

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33
Q

Loss of 10-12% of body weight:

A

heat intolerance

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34
Q

Loss of 20% of body weight:

A

coma and death

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35
Q

what is thirst signal is ignored?

A

shortage of water increases fluid conservation

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36
Q

Antidiuretic hormone:

A
  • released by the pituitary gland

- forces kidneys to conserve water (reduce urine flow)

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37
Q

Aldosterone:

A
  • responds to drop in BP

- signals the kidney to retain sodium, water follows

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38
Q

Disorders related to fluid and elctrolyte imbalance include

A
  • dehydration
  • heat stroke
  • hypertension
  • neuropathic disorders
  • muscle disorders
  • water intoxication (hyponatraemia)
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39
Q

Hyponatremia

A

condition of subnormal levels of sodium in the blood

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40
Q

this is known as consuming too much water at rest

A

water intoxication

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41
Q

EAH (exrcise associated hypotemia) symptoms:

A

bloating, puffiness of hands/feet, nausea, vomiting, headache

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42
Q

severe cases of EAH:

A

massive brain swelling (seizures) coma, respiratory arrest, permanent brain damage, & death

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43
Q

two types of extracellular fluid:

A

Tissue fluid & Intravascular fluid

44
Q

Tissue fluid (interstitial)

A

flows between the cells that make up a particular tissue or organ, such as muscle fibres or the liver
- cerobrospinal fluid, mucus, and synovial fluid within joints, are also tissue fluid

45
Q

intravascular fluid

A

found within blood and lymphatic vessels. Plasma is the fluid portion of blood that transports RBC through blood vessels
- plasma also contains proteins that are too large to leak out of blood vessels into the surrounding tissue fluid

46
Q

fluid

A

a substance composed of molecules that move past one another freely. Fluids are characterized by their ability to conform to the shape of whatever container holds them

47
Q

Lean tissues, such as muscle, are more than__% fluid by weight, whereas fat tissue is only between __% & __% fluid

A

70, 10&20

48
Q

Body fluid levels vary according to

A

gender and age

49
Q

Males have more ___ and thus a higher percentrage of body weight as fluid than females

A

lean tissue

50
Q

electrolyte

A

a substance that disassociates in solution into positively and negatively charged ions and is thus capable of carrying an electrical current

51
Q

ion

A

electrically charged particle, pos or neg charged

52
Q

these two dominate in the intracellular fluid

A

potassium and phosphate

53
Q

water is a excellent

A

solvent: capable of dissolving wide variety of substances

54
Q

since blood is mostly water, it is able to transport a variety of solutes such as

A

amino acids, glucose, water-soluble vitamins, minerals and medications - to body cells

55
Q

what does not dissolve in water?

A

lipids and fats

56
Q

lipids and fat soluble vitamins are either attached or surrounded by ____ so they can be transported in the blood to the cells

A

water-soluble proteins

57
Q

Blood volume is

A

amount of fluid in blood: appropriate levels are essential to maintaining healthful blood volume

58
Q

water has a high capacity for?

A

heat

59
Q

body fluids are our primary

A

coolant

60
Q

when heat needs to be released from the body, there is an ___ in the flow of blood from the warm body core to the ____ lying just under the skin

A

increase, vessels

61
Q

heat from the body core out to the periphery, is released from the ____

A

skin

62
Q

cell membranes are __to water, meaning water flows easily through them

A

permeable

63
Q

sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes stay where they are, either inside or outside a cell, unless they care actively transported across the cell membrane by special ____

A

transport proteins

64
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water (or any solvent) through a semi-permeable membrane from an area where solutes are less concentrated to areas where solutes are highly concentrated
- provides a body mechanism

65
Q

electrolytes are critical in our ___ to respond to stimuli

A

nerves

66
Q

nerve impulses are initiated at the memberaine of a ____ to respond to stimuli

A

nerve cell

67
Q

depolarization:

A

stimuli prompt changes in membranes that allow an influx of sodium into the nerve cell, causing the cell to become slightly less negatively charged

68
Q

if enough sodium enters the cel, an elctrical impulse is generated along the _____

A

cell membrane

69
Q

the return to the initial electrical state is termed

A

repolarization

70
Q

both ___ and ____ play critical roles in ensuring that nerve impulses are generated, transmitted, and completed

A

sodium and potassium

71
Q

muscle contraction occurs in response to stimulation of ____

A

nerve cells

72
Q

when a muscle fibre is stimulated by an electrical signal, changes occur in the cell membrane that lead to an increased flow of ___ into the muscle from the extracellular space

A

calcium

73
Q

certain illnesses can threaten the delicate balance of fluid inside and outside the cells and impair the function of ___ & ____

A

nerves and muscles

74
Q

hospitalization due to excessive diarrhea/vomiting, the body loses a great deal of fluid from the ____&_____

A

intestinal tract and extracellular environment

75
Q

A large fluid loss causes the extracellular electrolyte concentration to become

In response, a great deal of ____ flows out of the cells

A

very high

intracellular fluid

76
Q

thirst mechanism

A

a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalmus that stimulate our conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in the concentration of salt in our blood or a decrease in blood pressure/volume

77
Q

factors that lead to thirst

A
  • increased concentration of sodium and other dissolved subtances in our blood
  • dryness in tissues of mmouth and throat
78
Q

once the hypothalmus detects such changes, it stimulates the release of a ___ that signals the kidneys to reduce urine flow and return more water to the bloodstream

A

hormone

79
Q

the kidneys also secrete an ___that triggers blood vessels throughout the body to constrict, helpig it retain water

A

enzyme

80
Q

water is drawn out of the ____ in an attempt to further dilute the concentration of blood solutes; this causes the mouth and throat to become even drier

A

salivary glands

81
Q

we obtain fluid we need each day from three primary sources:

A

beverages, foods, and the body’s production of metabolic water

82
Q

metabolic water

A

water formed as a by-product of our body’s metabolic reactions

83
Q

diuretic

A

substance that increased fluid floss via the urine. common: alcohol, prescription meds, over the counter weight loss pills

84
Q

these two also function as electrolytes and influence our body’s fluid balance and neuromuscular function

A

calcium and magnesium

85
Q

although we can live weeks without food, we can survive only a few days without___, depending on the environmental temperature

A

water

86
Q

highly active male athlete in training in a hot environment may require up to _L of fluid per day while an inactive petite women may require _L

A

10 & 3

87
Q

water we drink in canada comes from two sources

A

surface water (lakes, rivers, reservoirs) and ground water (underground rock formations called aquifers)

88
Q

common contaminants of surface water

A

runoff from highways, pesticides, animal wastes, and industrial wastes

89
Q

contaiminats of ground water

A

hazardous substances leaking from waste sites, dumps, landfills, and oil and gas pipelines

90
Q

salt, or sodium chloride is about __% sodium and __% chloride by weight

A

40, 60

91
Q

one teaspoon of salt (5ml) weights about __g and contains about ____mg of sodium

A

5, 2300

92
Q

hypernatremia

A

abnormally high blood sodium concentration

93
Q

hypotremiia

A

abnormally low blood sodium levels, can occur in ppl enganged in strenous physical activity who drink large volumes of water and fail to replace sodium

94
Q

hyperkalemia

A

a condition in which blood-potassium levels are very high

95
Q

chloride works with the ___of our body during an immune response to help kill bacteria, and it assits in the transmission of nerve impulses

A

WBC

96
Q

__% of our body’s potassium is stored in our bones

A

85

97
Q

Phosporus is a part of ____ & ____, and it is a component in cell membranes (as phospholipids) and lipoproteins

A

DNA & RNA

98
Q

phytic acid

A

form of phosphorus stored in plants (beans, cereals, nuts)

99
Q

Our body does not produce enzymes that can break down phytic acid, but we are still able to absorb up to __% of the phosphorus in plant foods because other foods and the bacteria in our ___ can break down phytic acid

A

50, large intenstine

100
Q

deficiencies of phosphorus are

A

rare

101
Q

people who may suffer from low blood phosphorus include

A

premature infants, elderly ppl with poor diets, people who abuse alcohol

102
Q

people with vitamin d deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, and those who overuse antacids that bind with phosphorus may also have

A

low blood phosphorus levels

103
Q

heat cramps

A

involuntary, spasmodic, and painful muscle contractions that are caused by electrolyte imbalances occurring as a result of strenous physical activity in high environmental heat

104
Q

heat exhaustion

A

a serious condition, characterized by heaving sweating, paleness, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, and moderately elevated body temp, that develops from dehydration in high heat

105
Q

heat stroke

A

a potentially fatal response to high temp characterized by failiure of the body’s heat-regulating mechanisms; also called sunstroke

nutrition (10 decks)

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